9.6 Defining the Boundaries 1© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Another Westward Surge Map: Spread of Settlement: Westward Surge, Peace brought widespread Indian removal that opened lands & enabled another westward migration. Chart: Western Land Sales The Old Northwest shared New England values. What is banned in this area? The Old Southwest was based on plantation slavery. 2© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

MAP 9.5 Spread of Settlement: Westward Surge, 1800–1820 Within a period of twenty years, a quarter of the nation’s population had moved west of the Appalachian Mountains. The westward surge was a dynamic source of American optimism. 3© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 9.2 Western Land Sales Surges in western land sales reflect surges in westward expansion. Western land sales following the War of 1812 reached an unprecedented 3.5 million acres, but that was small in comparison with what was to come in the 1830s and 1850s. Not all land sales reflected actual settlement, however, and speculation in western lands was rampant. Collapse of the postwar speculative boom contributed to the Panic of 1819, and the abrupt end to the boom of the 1830s led to the Panic of SOURCE: Robert Riegel and Robert Athearn, American Moves West (New York: Holt Rinehart 1964) 4© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

5 The hopes of every westward migrant are exemplified in this series of four illustrations imagining inevitable progress from pioneer cabin to prosperous farm. The illustrations, “The Pioneer Settler and His Progress,” appeared in a booster history advertising land in western New York.

The Election of 1816 and the Era of Good Feelings James Monroe presided over the post- war “era of good feelings.” Monroe had no opponent in Opposition to the war had killed the Federalist party. 6© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The American System Monroe brought former Feds into cabinet. Madison & Monroe broke with agrarianism & embraced Fed economic program. American System of Henry Clay included: A national bank (SBUS) A tax on imported goods to protect American manufacturers A national system of roads and canals *Many of these same ideas were implemented in 1862 during the Civil War. 7© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Panic of 1819 A land boom was financed by speculative buying and easy credit. The Panic of 1819 was triggered by the Second Bank of the United States foreclosing on loans that led to six years of depression. The Panic of 1819 hurt urban workers suffering from the decline in trade and manufacturing failures. Manufacturers pressed for higher protective tariffs, angering Southerners. 8© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Missouri Compromise Effort to admit MO as slave state created crisis. N opposed creation of new slave states because it would tip balance between slave & free (11/11). S sought to expand slavery & were concerned Congress would even consider the matter. Henry Clay forged a compromise that maintained balance between free and slave. Maine was admitted as a free slave state and slavery was barred north of the 36° 30. 9© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

MAP 9.7 The Missouri Compromise Before the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Ohio River was the dividing line between the free states of the Old Northwest and the slaveholding states of the Old Southwest. The compromise stipulated that Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state (balanced by Maine, a free state), but slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana Territory north of 36° 30’ (Missouri’s southern boundary). This awkward compromise lasted until 1846, when the Mexican-American War reopened the issue of the expansion of slavery. 10© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.