UFN Carbon allotropes

2 Eight allotropes of carbon: a)diamond b)graphite, c)Lonsdaleite d)C60 buckminsterfullerene e)C540, Fullerite f)C70 g)amorphous carbon h)single-walled carbon nanotube

Carbon nanotubes 3 Prasek, J. et al. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 15872–15884.

Carbon nanotubes 4 Prasek, J. et al. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 15872–15884.

Noncovalent modification 5 Battigelli, A. et al. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2013, 65, 1899–1920.

Noncovalent modification 6 Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854.

Chemical modification - DOX Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–

Chemical modification Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–

Chemical modification Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–

Chemical modification Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845– Amphotericin B – antifungal drug

Chemical modification Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–

Chemical modification 12 Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854. Anti-P-gp – glycoprotein antibody

Chemical modification 13 Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854. CDDP – cisplatin (cancer drug)

Chemistry of fullerenes 14 Bakry, R. et al. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2007, 2, 639–649. Santos, L. J. et al. Quim. Nova 2010, 33, The fullerene family, and especially C 60, has appealing photo, electrochemical and physical properties, which can be exploited in various medical fields. Fullerene is able to fit inside the hydrophobic cavity of HIV proteases, inhibiting the access of substrates to the catalytic site of enzyme. It can be used as radical scavenger and antioxidant. At the same time, if exposed to light, fullerene can produce singlet oxygen in high quantum yields. This action, together with direct electron transfer from excited state of fullerene and DNA bases, can be used to cleave DNA. In addition, fullerenes have been used as a carrier for gene and drug delivery systems. Also they are used for serum protein profiling as MELDI material for biomarker discovery.

Chemistry of fullerenes 15 Santos, L. J. et al. Quim. Nova 2010, 33,

Chemistry of fullerenes 16 Santos, L. J. et al. Quim. Nova 2010, 33,

Chemistry of fullerenes 17 Santos, L. J. et al. Quim. Nova 2010, 33,

Nanodiamonds 18 Arnault, J. C. Topics in Applied Physics 2015, 121,

Nanodiamonds 19 Gonçalves, J. P. L. et al. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2765–2773.

Nanodiamonds 20 Mochalin, V. N. et al. Nature Nanotechnology 2012, 7, Nanodiamond terminated with carboxylic groups (ND–COOH; green region) is a common starting material (and is made by air oxidation or ozone treatment of nanodiamond, followed by treatment in aqueous HCl to hydrolyse anhydrides and remove metal impurities). The surface of ND–COOH can be modified by high-temperature gas treatments (red) or ambient-temperature wet chemistry techniques (blue). Heating in NH 3, for example, can result in the formation of a variety of different surface groups including NH 2, C–O–H, C≡N and groups containing C=N. Heating in Cl 2 produces acylchlorides, and F 2 treatment forms C–F groups. Treatment in H 2 completely reduces C=O to C–O–H and forms additional C–H groups. Hydroxyl (OH) groups may be removed at higher temperatures or with longer hydrogenation times, or by treatment in hydrogen plasma66. Annealing in N 2, Ar or vacuum completely removes the functional groups and converts the nanodiamonds into graphitic carbon nano-onions.

Nanodiamonds 21 Jarre, G. et al. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2729–2737.

Nanodiamonds 22 Sapsford, K.-E. et al. Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 1904–2074.

Graphene 23 Byun, J. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2015, 25, 145–151.

Graphene 24 Shi, S. et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2014, 25, 1609−1619.

Graphene 25 Shi, S. et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2014, 25, 1609−1619.

Graphene 26 Shi, S. et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2014, 25, 1609−1619.

Graphene 27 Yang, Y. et al. Materials Today 2013, 16, 365−373. Schematic illustration of the constraint of DNA molecules on functionalized graphene and its effects. Single stranded DNA can be effectively constrained on the surface of graphene through adsorption. The enzyme DNase I can digest free DNA but not graphene-bound DNA.

Graphene 28 Zhang, Y. et al. Nanoscale 2012, 4, 3833–3842. Laminins – high-molecular weight (~400 kDa) proteins of the extracellular matrix

Amorphous (active) carbon Stein, A. et al. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 265–

Amorphous (active) carbon Žáková, P. et al. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 2016, 60, 394–

Amorphous (active) carbon Žáková, P. et al. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 2016, 60, 394–