1 s orbital
2 Bonding between two s orbitals This is called a sigma ( ) bond.
3 note: the amount of overlap that gives the lowest energy (most stable)
4 p orbitals Family portrait
5 (sigma) bonds s-s overlap s-p overlap p-p overlap
6 p orbitals again
7 bond (2 overlapping regions form 1 bond) What would be the effect of the orbitals rotating independently?
8 Enter Hybridization The geometries and the angles don’t match orbital shapes.
9 Bring in the mathematicians!
10 Orbitals are combined to form hybrids. s + p + p = sp 2 1/3 s and 2/3 p in character
11 sp 2 again
12 sp 2 (trigonal planar) (sigma) bonds bond
13 1/2 bond Find the bonds the other 1/2
14 p-orbital left over after hybidization
15
16 sp 3 hybridization 1/4 s and 3/4 p
17 sp 3
18
19
20 H-C C-H How many sigma ( ) bonds are in this molecule? How many pi ( ) bonds are in this molecule? Hybridization??
21
22
23
24 BeF 2 Hybridization?
25
26 Hybridization?
27
28
29