Indirect routes

The Golden Spike 1869 Promontory Point, Utah

Broken by state militias & federal troops Over 100 dead Broken by state militias & federal troops Over 100 dead Maryland National Guard Sixth Regiment fighting its way through Baltimore, Maryland, 20 July 1877

Haymarket Square (Chicago) Began as an 8 hour workday protest Included German workers. AKA: Haymarket Riot or Massacre View Fliers 1886

A. Carnegie (Carnegie Steel) Henry Clay Frick (Homestead Manager) LOCKOUT SCABS PINKERTONS (1892) Cartoon Interpretation

Strikers vs. Pinkertons 16 Killed 23 Wounded July 6, 1892

Company Town Social Experiment Homes, Stores, Schools, Churches Alcohol Pullman Rail Car Company Chicago, IL 1894

"We are born in a Pullman house, fed from the Pullman shops, taught in the Pullman school, catechized in the Pullman Church, and when we die we shall go to the Pullman Hell." -- Author Unknown

I.Large-scale industrial production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies — generated rapid economic development and business consolidation. A.Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems helped open new markets in North America. Transcontinental railroads Credit Mobilier Scandal Transatlantic telegraph cable (1866)

B. Businesses made use of technological innovations, greater access to natural resources, redesigned financial and management structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labor force to dramatically increase the production of goods. John D. Rockefeller (oil) J.P. Morgan (banking) Andrew Carnegie (Bessemer steel) Alexander Graham’s Bell (telephone) Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads) Cyrus Field (transatlantic telegraph) Montgomery Ward mail order catalog

D. Many business leaders sought increased profits by consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies, which further concentrated wealth. Monopoly Standard Oil Trust (1882) Holding company, Horizontal integration Vertical integration

C.Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with local workers organizing local and national unions and/or directly confronting business leaders. Knights of Labor (1869) Terrence Powderly Haymarket Square riot (1886) American Federation of Labor (1886) Samuel Gompers Mother Jones Yellow dog contracts Blacklists Railway Strike of 1877 Homestead Strike of 1892 Pullman Strike of 1894

II. Larger numbers of migrants moved to the West in search of land and economic opportunity, frequently provoking competition and violent conflict. A. The building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies promoted economic growth and created new communities and centers of commercial activity. Pacific Railway Acts (1862 to 1869) Federal and state government subsidies to transcontinental railroads Cattle trails Cow towns