India

Instruments of India Sitar Tabla TamburaSarod

. MUSICAL GENRES IN PRESENT DAY INDIA ART (“CLASSICAL”) SOUTH INDIAN (“CARNATIC”) NON - ART (“LIGHT/POPULAR”) TRIBAL FOLK N O R T H I N D I A N (“HINDUSTANI”) PROVINCIAL CINEMA MUSIC THEATRE MUSIC NON-INDIAN IMPORTS RELIGIOUS OR PHILOSOPHIC “INDUSTRIAL”

The Two Systems of Art Music in India Hindustani (North Indian) Music CContinuity back to Vedic times (6,000 BC) RRaga based, mostly improvised CCapable of intense expression in very slow speeds VVast range of ornaments, particularly during slow passages SSteady, long-held notes, mostly approached and/or quitted by little ornamental phrases GGradual building up of tempo from very slow to very fast CConvention of time and season TTrue to Hindu traditions: so-called “Persian influences” fully integrated within its essential and ancient grammatical format h OIo Carnatic (South Indian) Music  Of more recent origin  Composition based, mostly fixed  A fairly quick tempo from the start, so lacks the intensity, introspection, microtones and several ornaments found in Hindustani music  Notes are not held for long and are mostly quitted by a characteristic oscillation using indeterminate pitch  Constant and fairly fast tempo throughout  No convention of time or season  Contrary to advocated argument, has Muslim influences  3gyw 3gyw

Music of Bollywood (cinema music) Also known as Hindi film songs Started when Musical Movies in the early turn of the century were imported to India, though they took to the song and dance routine more so than the story. Mixes modern day styles of music and dance with traditional music (carnatic and folk).

Hindustani, Carnatic or Bollywood? Video Video 2 – Video 3 – Video 4 – Video 5 –

Organising Notes Melodic Organisation: According to the principles codified by the system of - RAGA s - TALAs and - performance practice Harmonic organisation: Against a fixed system of static notes sounded continuously but softly in the background and in unintended counterpoint, from an imitating accompanist

R A G A  a a melodic concept capable of intense emotional communication and comprising: -a-a given set of notes, ascending and descending - characteristic phrases -r-relative importance of the notes - characteristic ornaments or lack thereof -t-the general speed to be adopted -t-the register to be used (low or high pitch) - an accepted time of performance

T A L A Tala → the cyclic organisation of periodic beats (Matra) = an endlessly repeated series of ordered rhythmic syllables in time Rhythmic syllables → Names of sounds on percussion instruments (Dha, Na, Dhin, Tin, Thum, Kat, Tita, Tirakita, Ghe, Dhita, etc.)

Indian, Middle East, Africa 1) Compare and contrast all three nations’ musical styles. 2) How has music been spread between them if they are similar? Compare and contrast the social aspect of music between these cultures.