Impacts of the Industrial Revolution

I. Growth of cities Around factories Deaths outnumber births there Flux of people from countryside keep #’s high Tenements housing - disease & pollution in streets No city planning - often no government or police

Capitalism An economic system in which individuals own the means of production (factories, machines, land) and reinvest profits as capital to expand business Capital – wealth that is invested in order to create more wealth Free Market Economy – One in which consumer choice, the law of supply and demand and competition drives companies decisions regarding what products to produce and the prices of those products.

II. Middle Class expands & changes in nature New middle class jobs –Owners of business / mines/ railroads / factories –Professionals, clerks, bankers, secretaries, govt. officials, managers, teachers were added to former middle class of craftsmen, merchants, doctors & lawyers Gender / Work expectations: –Middle class men begin to take on role of “breadwinner” –Middle class women take on role of “homemaker” – these roles were previously shared as both worked in the home and shop Education of the Middle Class increases Townhouses

III. Working Class Conditions Worsen 10 – 18 hour work days / hazardous conditions / low light – low ventilation low wages – no benefits to allow for maximum profit if injured  fired No education for children / beat regularly in factories – worked to help support families Workers kept dependant on factories ex: Pullman (US) Tenement housing – dirty, crowded conditions - death traps - disease & fires – no windows Both men and women along with their children must work

Modern Connections Modern electronics manufacture Factory Safety

Laissez - Faire Economic policy advocated by capitalist economists like Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo Opposes government interference in business and trade What kinds of laws do we have that a Laissez-Faire economist would be against? (anti minimum wage laws, anti-child labor laws, against taxing businesses) What would they be in favor of?

Reformers & Visionaries

The Sadler Commission of Parliament content/uploads/2012/02/The-Sadler- Committee-Report.pdfhttp:// content/uploads/2012/02/The-Sadler- Committee-Report.pdf

Reform act of 1832 Middle class gains voting rights as property requirement is lowered Industrial workers and farm laborers still disenfranchised

Factory Act of 1833 Passed by Parliament in England 8 hour work day ages 9 – hrs ages 14 – 18 factories must create schools for children under 9

Mines Act of 1842 underground work illegal for boys under 10 & all women

Socialism – Utopian Experiments Socialism – a theory or system of social organization that promotes that the community as a whole should own and control of the means of production (factories / land) and profits from production should be divided amongst the community as a whole.

Charles Fourier – 1772 – 1838 * “phalansteries” – small model communities – 1620 people * rotation of work assignments * communal living & housing * no financial backing – it was never tested

Robert Owen – * cotton manufacturer * 1815 – 1830’s experimented with socialist communities –New Lanark – Scotland – factory town transformed into a healthy community – redistribution of wealth & power sharing –New Harmony – Indiana - failed * Anti child labor – pro-universal education, set up schools for workers children * Grand National Consolidated Trades Union 1834

New Lanark

Utilitarianism Utilitarians believe the utility (usefulness) of an action or practice depends on how much happiness or improvement that action or practice provides to society. They favor government interfering with business or society when business practices are causing people to suffer. What might a Utilitarian be in favor of today?

Jeremy Bentham and his head.

Jeremy Bentham – 1776 – Advocated reconstruction of laws, courts, prisons, poor relief, city govt. & elimination of “rotten boroughs”, wanted universal male suffrage John Stuart Mill – 1860’s * “On Liberty” & “On the Subjugation of Women” * Expressed ideas that legal subordination of women to men is wrong * People could change the economy & tax business for the good of the people if they wanted (anti – laissez –faire)

Changes resulting from the Industrial Revolution

Labor Unions form – late 1800’s early 1900’s –To improve wages & working conditions –Use strikes, work stoppages & slow downs –Members usually fired & blacklisted –Unions banned by governments at 1st –Trade Unions – 1st successful – they possess skills that employers need, unskilled laborers remain unsuccessful –Collective bargaining – reps negotiate on behalf of labor & management to reach a compromise – the agreement is held for ALL –1900’s growth in unskilled workers unions Modern union issues

Impact of Picket Lines

Business Organizations Change Partnerships – 2 or more entrepreneurs share profits & risks Corporation – owned by stockholders – more shares owned = more voting power, profits of company determine share value Business Cycles – periods of expansion (BOOM) and decline in industry activity & profits Depression – the lowest point in the cycle (BUST) businesses loose money, bank failures, stock values plummet, unemployment

Technology, Transportation & Communication Railroads  changes in business & markets Liverpool - Manchester Railway –1830 – George Stephenson’s “Rocket” –reduces cost of overland shipping –Building of tracks Steamboats –Fulton’s Clermont (Hudson River) –Building of canals small local markets  nationwide markets larger markets  larger factories  more goods / cheaper goods & more work for unskilled labor

Other inventions 1830’s – telegraph – Samuel Morse 1870’s – telephone – Alexander Graham Bell, Light bulb – Edison These create new industries, need for fuel etc. 1880’s – internal combustion engine – Rudolph Diesel (oil becomes important in the early 1900’s  more roads / gas stations etc) 1890’s – radio – Marconi 1903 – first flight – the Wright Brothers

Atlantic Trade & New Imperialism European nations conquer lands for raw materials & markets for finished goods

Calls for change in government & Economy Chartists Socialists / Communists (Owen / Marx)

England – the Chartists 1838 “People’s Charter” Demanded universal male suffrage Payment for members of parliament out of tax fund (hitherto unpaid) Annual meetings and frequent elections Rejected – dies out in 1840’s

Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels The Communist Manifesto History is a series of class struggles HavesHave-nots PatricianPlebeian NobleSerf 1st & 2nd Estates 3 rd Estate BourgeoisieProletariat

New Struggle Bourgeoisie = owners of business, capital and means of production Proletariat = working classes, own nothing Workers will seize control of the government and businesses, redistribute profits equally and own all property in common (no private property).

Socialism  Communism “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need” (all must work, all share in profits) Economic equality (no more classes) No government or police would be needed in a community of equals where all is shared government would fade away  Communism

“Communist Countries” today “Communism” = Dictatorship never moved passed Marx’s DoP stage Examples –Former USSR (Soviet Union) –China –Cuba –North Korea

Socialist Countries Today Tend to be democracies Major Industries owned by the people (Railways, Telephones, TV stations etc.) Government taxes provide benefits to all citizens (healthcare, free higher education,pensions (retirement), Social security Examples: France, Canada, England

What system would they support? For the following people decide whether they would support: Utilitarians - changing govt. practices to help the poor (Bentham and Mill) Socialists - All means of production and all profits are owned by the community together (Owen, Marx) Laissez-Faire Capitalism - Government should keep its hands off business and allow owners to act in their own self interest to seek profit (Smith, Malthus and Ricardo)

Robs from the rich and gives to the poor (ie redistribution of wealth).

Papa Smurf Leads a self-sufficient community of little blue people living in harmony. All members of the community work together to meet their needs. All have an equal share.

Gargamel He is in constant pursuit of wealth and doesn't care how many little Smurfs had to die to make him rich. In fact he thought he could turn Smurfs into gold...hmmmmm …

Separated at birth?