Periodic Table Metals – Left side of table Solid at room temp – Except Hg Good conductors of heat and electricity Malleable and ductile Lustrous Non-metals

Representative elements – “A” groups Have electrons in the “s” and “p” sublevels Some special families – Alkali metals – Alkali earth metals – Halogens – Noble gases Transition metals – “B” groups – Produce colors in chemistry » B/c of the number of orbitals in the “d” block ex: Fe

Periodic Trends There are 4 periodic Trends – Atomic radius – Ionization energy – Electronegativity – Electron affinity

The factors that cause the trends: – effective nuclear charge - How “strongly” the nucleus holds its electrons Number of protons – More protons = stronger pull – Shielding effect – Electrons in the outermost energy levels are blocked from the pull of the nucleus by those electron in the lower energy levels – Electrons distance from its nucleus

Atomic radius – The size of the atom – Across a period Nuclear charge – Gets greater Electron distance from the nucleus – Doesn’t change Shielding effect – Not greater Therefore as move left to right atomic radius – Gets smaller

– Down a group (family) Electron distance from the nucleus – Gets greater Shielding effect – Increases Therefore size – Gets bigger Decreases IncreasesIncreases

Ionization energy – The energy needed to remove and electron – Why? increases decreasesdecreases

Electron affinity – Atoms attraction for electrons (belonging to others) – Why? Increases decreasesdecreases

Electronegativity- – Attraction to electrons that are being shared in a covalent bond – Why? increases decreasesdecreases

For each of the following pairs of atoms, tell which has the largest ionic radius. Al, B O, S Cl, Br Na, Al O, F For each of the following pairs, tell which has the lowest ionization energy. Ca, Zn Cl, I Al, Te Ni, I Cr, W

For each of the following pairs, tell which has the greater electronegativity. Calcium, gallium Lithium, oxygen Chlorine, sulfur Bromine, arsenic Hydrogen, oxygen Pick the atom that is larger. Fr, Mg P, Cl Cu, Au Sr, I Fe, Sn

Arrange these elements in order of decreasing atomic size: sulfur, chlorine, aluminum, and sodium. Does this arrangement reflect a periodic trend or a group trend? Watch This Video for More Review!!!!