NuMI MINOS Seasonal Variations in the MINOS Far Detector Eric W. Grashorn University of Minnesota Thursday, 5 July, 2007
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 2/15 Far Detector 2341 ft (2100 m.w.e.) Scintillator and steel tracking calorimeter 486 octagonal planes 2 “Supermodules” 5.4 Kton 1.5 T magnet
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 3/15 Seasonal Variation Underground experiments (Barrett, MACRO, AMANDA) reported positive correlation between muon intensity and atmospheric temperature Correlation motivated by upper atmosphere density –Higher temp = lower density Primary interactions take place higher in the atmosphere at higher temperatures Thus, mesons are more likely to decay than interact
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 4/15 Temperature Coefficient Determine experimentally (for pion only hypothesis): Effective Temperature (T eff ) treats the atmosphere as isothermal –Weighted average of uniform atmospheric levels
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 5/15 Muon Data Selection Data from 08/03-08/06 –1096 days of detector running (968 live-days) –40.38 million CR events Cuts: –Pre-analysis: DeMux FOM failures, “Bad run”, multiple muon, coil status –Data Quality cuts: Length <2, N planes <20, Fiducial cut, “fit quality” cut 24.6 Million events survived, 60.9% of the data
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 6/15 Cosmic Ray Events Time between consecutive events, log y – /ndof = 90.9/105 – Slope = Hz Rate per day:
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 7/15 Temperature Data Selection IGRA (Integrated Global Radiosonode Archive) data taken from International Falls, MN (150 Km NW of Soudan) Cuts: –Two balloon flights, 1100 and 2300 (C.S.T.) –Column height > 60 g/cm 2 –128 days excluded Error on T eff data was calculated by subtracting the rms from the mean.
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 8/15 T eff Distribution over the three year period: K
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 9/15 Deviation from Mean (%): Left: R (top) T eff (bottom) over three years Right: R ( T eff ) over the same three year period –Fit a straight line (error bars in both dimensions) – /ndof = 1420/953
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 10/15 Correlation The temperature coefficient ( T ) is the slope of the linear fit of R ( T eff ). The MINOS result (pion only hypothesis): T = 0.87 ± 0.03 Correlation for these two distributions: 0.79
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 11/15 Theoretical T Calculate with a simple Monte Carlo: – Choose a random E , cos( from the differential intensity spectrum, find random , assume flat overburden to find X. – Use E , cos( in T calculation if E > E th. – Calculate T (from Barrett) with 10,000 such successful muons at slant depths up to 4000 mwe.
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 12/15 Theoretical T Data: Barrett 1, 2 (Barrett, 1952), AMANDA (Bouchta et al, 1999), all other points from Ambrosio et al, Curve is calculated T (depth)
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 13/15 Charge Separated Charge separated seasonal fluctuations as % diff from the mean; in circles (top), in triangles (bottom). Reverse field Used qp/ qp > Million events survive: – 6.74 million – 5.12 million Livetime: –774 days forward –192 days reverse
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 14/15 Charge Separated Charge separated R ( T eff ) Correlation coefficient: – : 0.54; : T : – : / – : /- 0.06
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 15/15 Conclusions Temp Coefficient, T, in MINOS: / This precise measurement of a small signal ( +/- 4% fluctuations), shows MINOS’ sensitivity Result is slightly below expectation Charge Separated: – T for : /- 0.05; T for : / –Within error, these are identical; there is nothing new here (as expected).
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 16/15 Backup Slides
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 17/15 Temperature Coefficient Correlation between I and T given by Barrett as: Rewriting I for a particle counter: So, to determine experimentally:
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 18/15 Effective Temperature In order to evaluate the integral, we use the “effective temperature” approximation of Barrett: where g/cm 2, g/cm 2
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 19/15 Effective Temperature We now have: Which gives: *Note that T eff is for pion induced muons only
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 20/15 Pre-analysis: DeMux FOM failures, “Bad run”, multiple muon, coil status Data Quality cuts: Length >2, N planes > 20, Fiducial cut, “fit quality” cut 24.6 Million events survived the cuts, 53.4% of the data Cuts
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 21/15 Cuts Table of events that survive each cut: Total Tracks46.13 x 10 6 Cut Fraction Remaining Pre-Selection 1. Demux FOM failure Good Run List Multi-muon Coil Status0.829 Analysis Cuts 1. Length > 2 m Number of Planes > Fiducial Fit Quality0.534
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 22/15 Theoretical T For differential intensity distributions of the form: With GeV, k = 860 GeV Barrett gives: With E th the threshold muon energy required to survive to slant depth X (mwe), given by E th = 0.5(TeV)(e 0.4X -1)
05/07/07Eric W. Grashorn NuMI MINOS Page 23/15 Conclusions: Binned by day, there seems to be a correlation between R & T eff for charge-separated events as well T for : /- 0.05; T for : / Within the error for each measurement, these are identical, so the charge separated sample doesn’t tell us anything new (this is good)