 * Sterilization: Complete destruction of all transmission m.o (bacteria,virus) * Disinfection: remove only organisms that cause disease.

Sterilization 1)Physical method: a) temperature: a) temperature: 1-Autoclave: 1-Autoclave: - steam heat to 121c at 1.5 atmospheric pressure for 15 min - steam heat to 121c at 1.5 atmospheric pressure for 15 min - autoclave treatment will inactivate all fungi, bacteria, viruses and also bacterial spores( quite resistant) - autoclave treatment will inactivate all fungi, bacteria, viruses and also bacterial spores( quite resistant)

2) Other heat methods: 2) Other heat methods: * Flaming: done to inoculating loops and needles * Flaming: done to inoculating loops and needles * Boiling: boiling water for 15 min (it is unsuitable for sterilization) * Boiling: boiling water for 15 min (it is unsuitable for sterilization) - not effective against many bacteria and spores - not effective against many bacteria and spores

* Dry heat: used for sterilization of glass wears * Dry heat: used for sterilization of glass wears - oven is used in dry heat - oven is used in dry heat - can be used on powders and other items that effected by steam ( doesn’t cause rusting for the steals) - can be used on powders and other items that effected by steam ( doesn’t cause rusting for the steals)

2) chemical treatment: 2) chemical treatment: * Ethylene oxide gas : * Ethylene oxide gas : - used to sterilize objects that cannot survive temp. more than 60 for 3hrs(plastics,optics) - used to sterilize objects that cannot survive temp. more than 60 for 3hrs(plastics,optics) - ethylene oxide penetrate the objects and sterilize it (paper,clothe,plastic) - ethylene oxide penetrate the objects and sterilize it (paper,clothe,plastic)

* Bleach : (use in the house and hospitals) * Bleach : (use in the house and hospitals) - kill many organisms but it need 20min for full sterilization - kill many organisms but it need 20min for full sterilization - it can kill many spores but also ineffective against resistant spores - it can kill many spores but also ineffective against resistant spores - cause rust for stainless steel - cause rust for stainless steel

* The dry sterilization : * The dry sterilization : - Dry sterilization condition process(DSP) used for sterilization of plastics bottles in beverage industry - Dry sterilization condition process(DSP) used for sterilization of plastics bottles in beverage industry - used hydrogen peroxide (30-35% con.) under vacuum condition - used hydrogen peroxide (30-35% con.) under vacuum condition

*Ozone: *Ozone: - - sterilize water,air,and disinfectant for surfaces - - sterilize water,air,and disinfectant for surfaces

3) Filtration : 3) Filtration : -used to remove microbes from solution that cannot treated in other fashion ( heat sensitive compounds such as antibiotics and vitamin) -used to remove microbes from solution that cannot treated in other fashion ( heat sensitive compounds such as antibiotics and vitamin) - filtration uses membrane with small pores prevent the microbes passage - filtration uses membrane with small pores prevent the microbes passage - cannot remove the virus (why?) - cannot remove the virus (why?)

4) Radiation : 4) Radiation : -used x-rays, Gama rays, subatomic particles -used x-rays, Gama rays, subatomic particles - Gamarays penetrate materials used for sterilization of medical package and equipment - Gamarays penetrate materials used for sterilization of medical package and equipment - ultraviolet (u.v) rays don’t penetrate materials used for sterilization of surfaces, air, iculating cabinate,operating theater) - ultraviolet (u.v) rays don’t penetrate materials used for sterilization of surfaces, air, iculating cabinate,operating theater)