Governance: Concept and Issues Unit 5 : Governance Reform Measures September 24,

Governance: Concept and Issues Unit 5 2

* It is an abstract organization. * The administrative mechanism of the state. * Rule- governed professional administration. * Run by nonelected state officials or civil servants. 3

Modern societies are dominated by large organizations, and the largest contemporary organizations are government bureaucracies, or their system of public administration. These agencies, by which we mean all the members of the executive branch below the top executive (president/ monarch, prime minister, and cabinet), are generally in charge of implementing government policy. 4

* A rational organization * Organizational inefficiency * Rule by officials * Public administration * Administration by officials * As organization * As modern society 5

* Top executive position (Front Benchers of Parliament) * Higher civil service Secretaries, Undersecretaries, General Managers, * Permanent public employees ( Officers) * Ordinary civil servants 6

* Democracy * Rule of law * Accountability * Training * Information * Performance appraisal 7

* It is almost the only in implementing and enforcing laws and regulations. * Effectively of legislation / policy is largely depend on bureaucrats’ interpretation, will power and effectiveness. * Information collection ( top-down/ down- top) * Interest articulation, * Political Stability 8

* Political Executive * Authoritative system ( One party system) * Assemblies/ Court/ Committee hearing ( Democracy) * Ombudesman / Civil society * Media * Interest group 9

* Bureaucracy is a giant mechanism operated by pygmies. --- Honore De Balzac, Epigrams ( Pygmy: someone who is not as good, intelligent, strong etc as other people in the same group ) 10

11 * Huge and Largely Unregulated Mechanism * Highly Stratified * Less Coordination and Less Goal Centric * Patron and Client Relationship * Management Challenge * Political Will

* Adapt (something) to modern needs or habits, typically by installing modern equipment or adopting modern ideas or methods 12

* Rational Administrative Model * Power Bloc Model * Bureaucratic Oversupply Model 13

* Attempt to explain or justify (behavior or an attitude) with logical reasons, even if these are not appropriate * Make (an organization, company, process, or industry) more efficient, especially by dispensing with superfluous personnel or equipment 14

* Max Weber ( German Philosopher, ) Means/ Ends/Reasoning * 1. Decision Making (Fixed Jurisdiction, rules and regulation) * 2. Minimal Personal Discretion * 3. Authority is impersonal/ 15

4. Education/ Training 5. Hierarchical command ( up-down/ down-up) 6. Decision process/ extensive written records 7. Career position, merit, protection against political interference 16

* Power Bloc model( Marxist approach) * A mechanism through which bourgeois interests are upheld to defend capitalist system ( job after retirement so decisions are influenced by capitalism than socialism) * Leon Trotsky- bureaucracy as a new class 17

* Human beings are self seeking creatures and they are utility maximize. * Budget maximize that pays by tax payers * No motivation of making profit * Ever increasing organization 18

19 * Albrow, M.(1970) Bureaucracy ( London: Macmillan) * Heywood, A. (2007) Politics ( New York: Palgrave) * Gabrial, A., et al. (2012) Comparative Politics Today (New Delhi: Pearson) * Dahal, D. R., et al.ed (2010) Building Bridges of Peace in Nepal (Lalitpur: FES)