2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Data Mining Chen. Chun-Hsien Department of Information.

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Presentation transcript:

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Data Mining Chen. Chun-Hsien Department of Information Management Chang Gung University

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 2 Outline Motivation to data mining What is data mining? Applications of data mining Data mining process Main data mining techniques Classification of data mining systems

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 3 Motivation Data explosion problem Automated data collection tools and mature database technology Tremendous amount of Web pages 40 billion photos on Facebook 1 million new transactions/hour in Walmart database Big data in Clouds We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge! Solution: Data Mining One of the 10 emerging technologies that will change the world in the near future

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 4 What Is Data Mining? Formal Definition of Data mining Automatic extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit, previously unknown and potentially useful) knowledge (rules, regularities, patterns, trends, affinities) from large amount of data Alternative names Business intelligence, knowledge discovery in databases (KDD), data/pattern analysis, knowledge extraction, data dredging, information harvesting, data archeology, etc.

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 5 Example : Mining a Concept Hierarchy all EuropeNorth_America MexicoCanadaSpainGermany Vancouver M. WindL. Chan... all region office country TorontoFrankfurtcity

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 6 Part of International Sales Data

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 7 Confluence of Multiple Disciplines Data Mining Artificial Intelligence Statistics Database Technology Information Science Machine Learning Visualization

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 8 Evolution of Database Technology 1960s: Data collection, database creation, network DBMS 1970s: Relational data model, relational DBMS 1980s: Advanced data models (extended-relational, OO, spatial, temporal D/Bs, etc.) 1990s ~: Data mining, data warehousing, multimedia D/B, and Web

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 9 Applications of Data Mining Decision support Business decision support Consumer understanding and service improvement Market trend analysis and management Risk analysis and management Fraud detection and management Medical decision support Other Applications Text mining Web analysis Bioinformatics

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 10 Applications of Data Mining (Market Analysis and Management) Data sources for analysis Transactions of credit card, retail industry, etc. Public lifestyle studies Customer complaint calls Market basket analysis and cross selling Associations/co-relations between product sales Prediction based on the association information (1/2)

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 11 Customer profiling Find clusters of “model” customers who share the same characteristics: interest, income level, spending habits, etc. Data mining can tell you what types of customers buy what products (by clustering or classification techniques) Identifying customer requirements Identifying potential product sales for eC customers Use prediction to find what factors will attract new customers (2/2) Applications of Data Mining (Market Analysis and Management)

Finance planning and asset evaluation Cash flow analysis and prediction Asset evaluation Time series analysis (trend analysis) Competitive analysis and market segmentation Monitoring competitors and market directions Setting pricing strategy in a highly competitive market Grouping customers/a class-based pricing procedure 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 12 Applications of Data Mining (Risk Management and Analysis)

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 13 Applications Health care, insurance, credit card services Approach use historical data to build models of fraudulent behavior and use data mining to help identify similar instances Examples money laundering: detect suspicious money transactions medical insurance: detect professional patients and ring of doctors Applications of Data Mining (Fraud Detection and Management)

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 14 Text Ming News classification : find related articles CRM data analysis : analyze customer Q&As Medical informatics : automatic classification of cancer reports Web Mining : mining web access logs Discovering customer preference and behavior Analyzing effectiveness of Web marketing Improving Web site organization Biomedical Informatics Finding related genes of genetic diseases Drug discovery Applications of Data Mining (Other Applications)

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 15 Relevant Data Data Preprocessing Data Mining Evaluation/PresentationPattern Knowledge Databases Steps in KDD Process (Technically) Data mining The core step of KDD process

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 16 Main Steps of a KDD Process (Fully) Domain knowledge Acquisition Learning relevant prior knowledge and goals of application Data collection and preprocessing (may take 60% of effort!) Data selection and integration : creating a target data set Data cleaning, data transformation, and data reduction Data mining Choosing functions of data mining association, classification, clustering, regression, summarization. Choosing the mining algorithm(s) Searching for patterns of interest Pattern evaluation and knowledge presentation visualization, transformation, removing redundant patterns, etc. Use of discovered knowledge

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 17 Mining On What Kind of Data? Relational databases Transactional databases Data warehouses Advanced D/B and information repositories Web pages Temporal data (Time-series data) Spatial databases Text databases and multimedia databases Object-oriented databases Heterogeneous and legacy databases

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 18 Relevant Data Data Preprocessing Databases Steps in KDD Process

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 19 Why Data Preprocessing? Data in the real world is dirty (e.g., FaceBook) incomplete lacking attribute values, lacking certain attributes of interest, or containing only aggregate data noisy containing errors or outliers inconsistent containing discrepancies in codes or names No quality data, no quality mining results! Quality decisions must be based on quality data

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 20 Major Tasks in Data Preprocessing Data cleaning Data integration Data transformation Data reduction Data discretization

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 21 Relevant Data Data Preprocessing Data Mining Pattern Databases Steps in KDD Process

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 22 Main Data Mining Techniques Association Rule Mining (Descriptive Analysis) Classification and Prediction (Predictive Analysis) Cluster Analysis (Exploratory Analysis) Regression Analysis Outlier Analysis Trend Analysis

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 23 Main Data Mining Techniques Association Rule Mining (association rule : correlation and causality) Form of association rules sales(T, “computer”)  sales(T, “software”) [support = 1%, confidence = 75%] 3C retail stores buy(T, “Beer”)  buy(T, “Diaper”) [support = 2%, confidence = 70%] Walmart story age(X, “21..25”) ^ income(X, “30..39K”)  buys(X, “PC”) [support = 2%, confidence = 60%] IBM story age(X, “31..35”) ^ income(X, “40..49K”)  buys(X, “iPad”) [support = 1%, confidence = 70%] Acer story (1/4)

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 24 Association Rule Mining (Support and Confidence) Given a transaction D/B, find all the rules X  Y with minimum support and confidence support, S, probability that a transaction contains {X & Y } confidence, C, conditional probability that a transaction having {X} also contains Y I = {i 1,i 2,i 3,...,i n } : set of all items T  I : a transaction A  C (50%, 66.6%) C  A (50%, 100%) Customers buy X Customers buy both Customers buy Y

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 25 Use a training set to construct a model for the outcome forecast of future events. Two main types Classification Finding a model that distinguishes classes for future events e.g., loan approval, customer classification, recognition of finger print Model representation: decision-tree, artificial neural networks Prediction Finding a model that predicts numerical values for future events e.g., stock price prediction Model representation: regression, artificial neural networks (2/4) Main Data Mining Techniques Supervised Learning

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 26 Use a training set to construct a model for the outcome forecast of future events Classification predicts categorical class labels constructs a classification model to classify new data Prediction predicts numerical values Constructs a continuous-valued function to predict unknown or missing values Typical Applications credit card approval medical diagnosis & treatment Pattern recognition Classification vs. Prediction

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 27 Model construction Training Data ( I, O ) Learning Algorithms Model y=f(x) ( x  I, y  O ) Model usage Model f input features x’ output y’ class label or value : : Classification & Prediction (A Two-Step Process )

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 28 An Example of Training Dataset This follows an example from Quinlan’s ID3 class label (O) Input features (I)

no yes fair excellent <= 30 > student? age? credit rating? no yes : test (input) attribute : class label for Buy_PC : attribute value ? A Decision Tree Model for Predicting buy_PC Model : buy_PC = f (age, student, credit rating) f : x buy_PC : y 29

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 30 Cluster analysis (unsupervised learning) Class label is unknown: Group data to form new classes e.g., Customer profiling for product recommendation (Online Bookstore) Clustering based on the principle: Maximizing the intra-class similarity and minimizing the interclass similarity (3/4) Main Data Mining Techniques Cluster analysis

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 31 A B C Difficulty : Data distribution of high dimension is not visually visible. X Y Z 3 clusters with points X, Y, and Z as outliers Example of 2D Cluster Analysis

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 32 Clustering Example in Gene Expression Analysis by Clustering) Clustering Example in High Dimension (Gene Expression Analysis by Clustering) Finding differentially regulated genes Clustering

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 33 Outlier analysis Outlier: a data object that does not comply with the general behavior of the data It can be considered as noise or exception but is quite useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis Trend analysis Trend and deviation: regression analysis Sequential pattern mining, periodicity analysis Other pattern-directed or statistical analyses Other Data Mining Techniques (4/4)

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 34 Are All the “Discovered” Patterns Interesting? A data mining system/query may generate thousands of patterns, not all of them are interesting. Screening the patterns is a problem. Interestingness measures: A pattern is interesting if it is easily understood, potentially useful, novel, valid on new or test data with some degree of certainty, or it validates some hypothesis that a user seeks to confirm Objective vs. subjective interestingness measures for data screening Objective: based on statistics and structures of data patterns, e.g., support, confidence, etc. Subjective: based on user’s belief in the data, e.g., unexpectedness, novelty, actionability, etc.

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 35 Can We Find All and Only Interesting Patterns? Completeness vs. Optimization Completeness : Find all the interesting patterns Can a data mining system find all the interesting patterns? Optimization : Only find interesting patterns Can a data mining system find only the interesting patterns? Approaches First generate all the patterns and then filter out the uninteresting ones. Generate only the interesting patterns—mining query optimization

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 36 Classification Scheme of DM Techniques General functionality Descriptive/Exploratory data mining Predictive data mining Different views, different classifications Kinds of databases to be mined Kinds of knowledge to be discovered Kinds of techniques utilized Kinds of applications adapted

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 37 A Multi-Dimensional View of DM Technique Classification Databases to be mined Relational, transactional, Web, object-oriented, object-relational, active, spatial, time-series, text, multi-media, heterogeneous, legacy, etc. Knowledge to be mined Association, classification, clustering, trend, characterization, discrimination, deviation and outlier analysis, etc. Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels Techniques utilized Database-oriented, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning, statistics, visualization, etc. Applications adapted Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, stock market analysis, Web mining, Biomedical informatics, etc.

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining 38 Summary for Data Mining Data mining: automatic discovery of interesting knowledge from large amounts of data A natural evolution of database technology, in great demand, with wide applications A KDD process includes data pre-processing, data mining, pattern evaluation, and knowledge presentation Main data mining functions: association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend analysis, characterization, etc.

2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 2016年6月12日星期日 Introduction to Data Mining39 Thanks !!!! Have a Nice Day !