Gas Electron Multiplier

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Presentation transcript:

Gas Electron Multiplier GEM DETECTORS Gas Electron Multiplier Bat-El Pinchasik, Technion Israel

GEM detectors main element GEM foil Terminals 10 cm Kapton (polyimide) copper-clad on both sides Millions of holes!

GAS ATMOSPHERE CO2+ Argon GEM CATHODE ANODE DRIFT REGION INDUCTION REGION segmentation Tracking, Triggering Etc..

Field lines Induction field Drift field GEM foil Electrons follow the field lines Drift field GEM foil In the holes: high density of field lines 500 volts 50μm Induction field Electrons gain energy!

Electrons are shared between bottom GEM and anode Simulation: Ions CATHODE Electron-Ion pair Drift field Top GEM Bottom Electrons are shared between bottom GEM and anode Induction field Gain of the detector ANODE

Area covered by a detector Advantages Detector Area covered by a detector Cost (per area) Rate capability Aging process GEM detector $$ Low aging Wire chamber $ Gain loss and discharges increase Silicon detectors Noise and leakage current increase

Standard GEM Conical GEM First invented in 1998 Double conical geometry Used already in several experiments Conical GEM 42.5µm 98.9µm copper kapton Recent development! Easy to produce larger detectors low cost per area

Glance from above Standard GEM Conical GEM- Top Conical GEM-Bottom Internal & External diameter 140 µm Conical GEM- Top Conical GEM-Bottom Larger diameter smaller 140 µm

Does a conical GEM have the same characteristics? See the difference Large conical GEM foil 60 cm 10 X 10 cm Does a conical GEM have the same characteristics?

GAS ATMOSPHERE CO2+ Argon CATHODE Voltage over the GEM ANODE Drift field ANODE Induction field Anode current

Electrons end up in Top GEM Drift field scan GEM voltage: 500 volts E induction: 3 (kv/cm) plateau Recombination Electrons end up in Top GEM

Integration over distance Gain vs. GEM voltage Gain Integration over distance Townsend coefficient Field & gas properties α Gain of the detector Log scale E induction: 3kv/cm E drift: 2 kv/cm Gem voltage (volt)

Electrons distribution Induction scan Electrons distribution I anode (normalized) Increasing induction field More electrons get to the anode Higher signal E induction (volt/cm)

Conclusions Results Conical GEM has similar performance as standard GEM Advantages Low cost Larger area Easy to fabricate Conclusion Conical GEM is an attractive candidate to future LHC upgrades

Current applications COMPASS TOTEM LHCB LHCB muon And the future?