Gender roles in Macbeth

Analysts see in the character of Lady Macbeth the conflict between feminine and masculine, as they are impressed in cultural norms. Lady Macbeth suppresses her instincts toward compassion, motherhood, and fragility — associated with femininity — in favor of ambition, ruthlessness, and a lust for power. This conflict colors the entire drama, and sheds light on gender-based preconceptions from Shakespearean England to the present.

Literary critics and historians argue that, not only does Lady Macbeth represent an anti-mother figure, but they classify her as a specific type of anti-mother, the witch. Critic Joanna Levin defines a witch as a woman who succumbs to satanic force, a lust for the devil, and who, either for this reason or the desire to obtain supernatural powers, invokes (evil) spirits.

Lady Macbeth strives to make herself an instrument for bringing about the future. She proves herself a nonconforming, defiant, and empowered figure, and an explicit threat to a patriarchal system of governance in that, through challenging his masculinity, she manipulates Macbeth into murdering King Duncan. Despite the fact that she calls him a coward, Macbeth remains reluctant, until she asks: "What beast wasn't, then, that made you break this enterprise to me? / When you durst do it, then you were a man; / And to be more than what you were, you would / Be so much more the man." Thus Lady Macbeth enforces a masculine conception of power, yet only after pleading to be unsexed, or defeminized.

Macbeth shows a reversal in gender roles. The play questions what constitutes masculinity and femininity. It is important to Macbeth to be seen as a strong, powerful man. Lady Macbeth taunts him and mocks his sexuality to force him to get the courage to kill Duncan. He insists that “I dare do all that may become a man, who dares do more is none”. This alongside his wife’s desire of male characteristics for herself shows Macbeth’s loss of manhood, and through that, his loss of identity. He has lost his previous manliness of being a warrior by trying too hard to be stronger than he should be, and ultimately failing.

Juliet Dusinberre claims that “In the sixteenth century the idea that women had consciences which might operate independently from men’s, might even judge and oppose the male conscience, was revolutionary.” In her opinion, an audience watching the play would be shocked at how fiery and forthcoming Lady Macbeth was in her behaviour.

The Weird Sisters are also depicted as defeminized, androgynous figures. They are bearded (which is associated with Lady Macbeth's lack of menstrual bleeding). Witches were perceived as an extreme type of anti-mother, even considered capable of cooking and eating their own children. Although Lady Macbeth may not express violence toward her child with that same degree of grotesqueness, she certainly expresses a sense of brutality when she states that she would smash the babe's head.