‘Problems of Use of Alternative Energy Sources in Turkmenistan Conference’ Academy of Sciences Of Turkmenistan Ashgabat, Turkmenistan February 24-25, 2010 By: Thomas Robert Hurd, Masters of Architecture, (United States)

Orientation-  Fixed angle  Tracking (single axis can add 15% output)  Tracking (dual axis can add up to 30% output)

Shading- ( 10% shading can reduce output by as much as 90%)  Trees  Buildings  Ice  Snow  Hail  Dirt  Sand storm  Clouds

Finish of the PV panel face: Glass (anti-reflective) Polymers Coatings

Shielding –  Covering  Manual or automatic – affects output during weather event  Tilting – example- upside down – also affects performance during the weather event

Shielding/Covering –  Maximum protection  Worst output and most expensive Tilting-  Medium protection  Medium output and cost

Coating-  Lower protection  Most output potential—example— Honeywell’s SolarC coating increases PV output as much as 4% by minimizing light reflectance..also has less glare on the neighbors  Least durable  Application- at glass plant by spray, roller and dipping  Thickness can be tuned to specific light wavelengths

Thank you to the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan Благодарите Вас Академии Наук Туркмении