Overview of 133/219 class Condensed Matter/Materials Science Laboratory TA : Sooyoung Jang Inho Jeon Welcome to 133/219 class

“A project-oriented laboratory course utilizing state-of-the art experimental techniques in materials science. The course prepares students for research in a modern condensed matter-materials science laboratory. Under supervision, the students develop their own experimental ideas after investigating current research literature. With the use of sophisticated instrumentation students conduct research, write a research paper, and make verbal presentation” Looks interesting ! According to the description…… I cannot figure out what can we do in this class !

Literature Search Making Sample Measuring properties Analysis & Discussion Publication Sci Finder Web of Knowledge ArXiv Google Scholar Various synthesis -Solid state reaction -Arc melting -Flux method Crystal structure Electrical resistivity Magnetic susceptibility Thermal property Magnetic behavior - Curie Weiss law Resistivity trends- metallic, semiconducting, or superconducting Paper Oral presentation Schematic of the research

I’m curious what can I do in this class. I’ll let you know. We are going to make bulk material which can be single crystal or polycrystal. Also those samples will be measured to figure out their basic physical properties.

I’m little worrying about how much we can do during 10 weeks. For efficient research during the10 weeks of the class, we will suggest some General Projects. You will rely on your primary T.A.s but other post- docs and graduate students will be around to aid you. On the based on the guide lines of the projects we can discuss about whole the process and share ideas with each other to develop research.

Class Expectations Your grade will be determined by: – contribution to sample preparation and measurements –contribution towards group paper and presentation. –lab notebook You should expect to spend about 10 hours per week preparing samples. You will be working in groups! (~ 4 students per group) You may spend some time this week researching your own project ideas which we would be happy to discuss with you but given the limitations of hazard, expense, growth difficulty and probability of success we have some general projects to suggest. Projects

ACu 3 B 4 O 12 - Exploratory Work -One of famous perovskites-type structures -Interesting properties : Gigantic permittivity, Magneto-electric effect, colossal magneto-resistance, Heavy-fermion behavior A: Na, Ca, Sr, Y, Cd, Rare-Earth materials B: Transition and non-transition metals

(Yb 1-x La x )Fe 2 Al 20

Gd 1-x La x D.S.Willimans et.al., PRB (2003) J. Heimann et.al., JMMM (1982)

Y 2 Ba 4 Cu 7 O y

Back up plans Conclusions Too Bad! Yes it has been done before but that doesn’t make it any less interesting! We want you to have something to present! FailedYBCO, etc. Research doesn’t always turn out like you want. Plan APlan B

STEP 1. Literature search to determine topic Why do we need to literature search? Some excellent guy in Department of Statistics I’m going to help you to make ternary compounds. According to Periodic table, there are 114 number of elements in existence and we need to consider all of the configurations of ternary compounds… * 9 3 number of compounds you can make. Let’s start~!!! Until we find out the most interesting compounds in the world. Literature searching is vital to your research by developing the most efficient methods and techniques

STEP 1. Literature search to determine topic The way to search literature Sci Finder Web of Knowledge

STEP 2. Making Sample Need to determine method Various synthesis Polycrystal: Solid state reaction, Arc melting Single crystal: Flux method, Bridgman method Need to be considered for synthesis -T M, T B - Phase diagram ( -Vapor pressure according to Temperature -Composition ratio -Possible impurities -Annealing condition (atmosphere, Ar pressure) Way to confirm -Crystal structure : XRD -Composition : EDX M. B. Maple et. al., J. Phys: Condens. Matter 23, (2011)

STEP 2. Making Sample Single crystal (1)Method - Flux (Sn, In, Al) method - Bridgman method - Czochralski process (2) Advantage - Low impurity ratio (high quality) - easy to control direction of crystal (3) Disadvantage - Not easy to grow - Small

STEP 2. Making Sample Polycrystal (1)Method - Solid state reaction - Arc melting (2) Advantage - Easy to grow - Large (3) Disadvantage - High impurity ratio

Methods and Techniques: X-Ray Diffraction & EDX High Throughput: „tetra-powder-slide“ High Quality Data: Silicon-Slides(instead of glas) Bruker D8 Discover with Area Detector: Single Crystal & Powder Diffraction Orient Single Crystals Check Sample Quality Identify Impurity Phases Preferred Orientation FEI SEM/EDX SIO Analysis of chemical composition controlled doping studies! Neglible background Better identification of impurities

Methods and Techniques: Bulk Properties Quantum Design Magnetic Property Measurement System Brandnew Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System PPMS Dynacool No liquid cryogens 1.9 – 400 K 9 T superconducting magnet Continuous Low-Temperature Control: maintains temperatures below 4.2 K for indefinite periods of time Specific heat & resistivity options Thermopower in preparation 2 – 400 K 7 T superconducting magnet Perpendicular field option

STEP3. Measurement & Analysis X-ray diffraction -Lattice constant, space group, volume -Sort of impurities, impurities ratio -Lattice constant changing with doping ratio (Vegard’s law) P. C. Canfield et. al., Phys. Rev. B 66, (2002)

STEP3. Measurement & Analysis Electrical resistivity_4wire measurement M. B. Maple et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, (2010)

STEP3. Measurement & Analysis Magnetic property M. B. Maple et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, (2010)M. B. Maple et. al., J. Phys: Condens. Matter 23, (2011)

The Plan Today  If you think you are going to drop this class let us know  Form groups  As a group decide on an availability schedule  Pick a project Next Week  Have lab notebook :  Must be bound graph paper.  No loose paper or 3-ring binders  We will meet with your group in the beginning of the week to discuss literature searching  We will assign a homework to be kept in your notebook that is collected the following week.

References [1] [2] M. B. Maple et. al., J. Phys: Condens. Matter 23, (2011) [3] P. C. Canfield et. al., Phys. Rev. B 66, (2002) [4] M. B. Maple et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, (2010) [5] M. B. Maple et. al., J. Phys: Condens. Matter 23, (2011) [6] Kazuto Kodama et. al., J. Phys: Conf. Series 200, (2010) [7] M. B. Maple et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, (2010)

LnFe 2 Al 10