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TEN STEPS to IMPROVING COLLEGE READING SKILLS SIXTH EDITION © 2014 Townsend Press John Langan

6 Relationships II

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II In Chapter 5, you saw two common types of relationships: This chapter explains three other types of relationships: Relationships that involve addition Relationships that involve time Relationships that involve illustration Relationships that involve comparison and contrast Relationships that involve cause and effect

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II

1 Illustration Words That Show Illustration Which item below is easier to understand? A. I’ve become very absent-minded. Last week I went to work on my day off. B. I’ve become very absent-minded. Last week, for instance, I went to work on my day off. Illustration

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II A. I’ve become very absent-minded. Last week I went to work on my day off. B. I’ve become very absent-minded. Last week, for instance, I went to work on my day off. The second item is easier to understand. The words for instance make it clear that what happened on that day off is just one example of the absent-mindedness. Illustration / Words That Show Illustration

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II For instance and other words and phrases like it are illustration words. Illustration words indicate that an author will provide one or more examples to develop and clarify a given idea. B. I’ve become very absent-minded. Last week, for instance, I went to work on my day off. Illustration / Words That Show Illustration

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration In this cartoon, the husband gives two examples of what, to him, are deep emotions. / Words That Show Illustration

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration Certain colors are associated with particular emotions. For instance, green represents jealousy, red stands for anger, and blue means “gloomy.” Here are some common words that introduce examples: Examples A cat’s curiosity can get it into ridiculous situations. Once, a neighbor’s cat got its head stuck in the garbage disposal. Illustration Words / Words That Show Illustration

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration / Words That Show Illustration Certain colors are associated with particular emotions. For instance, green represents jealousy, red stands for anger, and blue means “gloomy.” A cat’s curiosity can get it into ridiculous situations. Once, a neighbor’s cat got its head stuck in the garbage disposal. Notice how these illustration words signal that one or more examples are coming.

Complete with a Transition Animals were once tired for crimes. __________, in 1740 a cow convicted of witchcraft was hanged by the neck until dead.

Some soap opera fans take the shows too seriously, There are viewers, __________, who actually send threats to soap opera “villains.”

My mother believes in various superstitions, ______________ the idea that if you drop a fork, it means company’s coming.

When a couple divorces, the partners often experience a wide range of emotions, ___________ anger, regret, depression, and relief.

People have chosen to end their lives in a variety of unusual ways. As an ___________, in ancient China, people committed suicide by eating a pound of salt.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration The Definition and Example Pattern The definition and example pattern of organization includes just what its name suggests: a definition and one or more examples.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration See if you can arrange the following sentences in a logical order. Which sentence should come first? Second? Third? A. Someone might, for instance, sit calmly through a friend’s criticism and act as if it didn’t bother him or her. B. Apathy is an avoidance response in which a person acknowledges unpleasant information but pretends he or she does not care about it. C. Another example is responding to the loss of a job by acting indifferent: “Who cares? It was a dumb job anyhow.” / The Definition and Example Pattern

Apathy is an avoidance response in which a person acknowledges unpleasant information but pretends he or she does not care about it. Someone might, for instance, sit calmly through a friend’s criticism and act as if it didn’t bother him or her. Another example is responding to the loss of a job by acting indifferent: “Who cares? It was a dumb job anyhow.” CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration The sentences should read as follows: This paragraph begins with a definition of the word apathy. Definition Example 1 Example 2 The second sentence gives an example signaled by the words for instance. The third sentence then provides another example, introduced by the words Another example. / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration Apathy is an avoidance response in which a person acknowledges unpleasant information but pretends he or she does not care about it. Someone might, for instance, sit calmly through a friend’s criticism and act as if it didn’t bother him or her. Another example is responding to the loss of a job by acting indifferent: “Who cares? It was a dumb job anyhow.” / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration An important study hint: Textbook authors often take time to include key definitions. These ideas and terms are usually set off in italic or boldface type, and the definitions are signaled by such words as is, are, is called, termed, and refers to. Once a tumor has been detected, cells can be removed from it in a procedure called a biopsy; the cells are then examined under the microscope by a pathologist. Phobias are fears that are out of proportion to the actual danger involved in a situation. Divergent thinking refers to the ability to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions. Examples of Definitions in Textbooks / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration Once a tumor has been detected, cells can be removed from it in a procedure called a biopsy; the cells are then examined under the microscope by a pathologist. Phobias are fears that are out of proportion to the actual danger involved in a situation. Divergent thinking refers to the ability to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions. If an author defines a term, you can assume that it is important enough to learn. So when reading and taking notes on a textbook, always do two things: 1)Write down key definitions. 2)Write down helpful examples of definitions. / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration (1)Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places. (2)People with acrophobia exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in response to being at great heights. (3)For instance, one sufferer of extreme acrophobia, Sally Maxwell, is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. (4)Her acrophobia began one evening when she was working alone in her office on the eighth floor of a large building. (5)Suddenly she was struck with terror by the idea that she might jump or fall out the open window. (6)She crouched behind a steel filing cabinet, trembling, unable to move. (7)When she finally gathered her belongings and left the building, she was sweating, her breathing was rapid, and her heart was pounding. (8)Yet she had no rational explanation for her fears. The following paragraph defines a word, explains it a bit, and then gives an example of it. / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration (1)Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places. (2)People with acrophobia exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in response to being at great heights. (3)For instance, one sufferer of extreme acrophobia, Sally Maxwell, is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. (4)Her acrophobia began one evening when she was working alone in her office on the eighth floor of a large building. (5)Suddenly she was struck with terror by the idea that she might jump or fall out the open window. (6)She crouched behind a steel filing cabinet, trembling, unable to move. (7)When she finally gathered her belongings and left the building, she was sweating, her breathing was rapid, and her heart was pounding. (8)Yet she had no rational explanation for her fears. What word is being defined? / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration (1)Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places. (2)People with acrophobia exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in response to being at great heights. (3)For instance, one sufferer of extreme acrophobia, Sally Maxwell, is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. (4)Her acrophobia began one evening when she was working alone in her office on the eighth floor of a large building. (5)Suddenly she was struck with terror by the idea that she might jump or fall out the open window. (6)She crouched behind a steel filing cabinet, trembling, unable to move. (7)When she finally gathered her belongings and left the building, she was sweating, her breathing was rapid, and her heart was pounding. (8)Yet she had no rational explanation for her fears. What word is being defined? )Acrophobia / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration (1)Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places. (2)People with acrophobia exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in response to being at great heights. (3)For instance, one sufferer of extreme acrophobia, Sally Maxwell, is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. (4)Her acrophobia began one evening when she was working alone in her office on the eighth floor of a large building. (5)Suddenly she was struck with terror by the idea that she might jump or fall out the open window. (6)She crouched behind a steel filing cabinet, trembling, unable to move. (7)When she finally gathered her belongings and left the building, she was sweating, her breathing was rapid, and her heart was pounding. (8)Yet she had no rational explanation for her fears. Which sentence contains the definition? / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration (1)Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places. (2)People with acrophobia exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in response to being at great heights. (3)For instance, one sufferer of extreme acrophobia, Sally Maxwell, is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. (4)Her acrophobia began one evening when she was working alone in her office on the eighth floor of a large building. (5)Suddenly she was struck with terror by the idea that she might jump or fall out the open window. (6)She crouched behind a steel filing cabinet, trembling, unable to move. (7)When she finally gathered her belongings and left the building, she was sweating, her breathing was rapid, and her heart was pounding. (8)Yet she had no rational explanation for her fears. Which sentence contains the definition? Definition / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration (1)Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places. (2)People with acrophobia exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in response to being at great heights. (3)For instance, one sufferer of extreme acrophobia, Sally Maxwell, is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. (4)Her acrophobia began one evening when she was working alone in her office on the eighth floor of a large building. (5)Suddenly she was struck with terror by the idea that she might jump or fall out the open window. (6)She crouched behind a steel filing cabinet, trembling, unable to move. (7)When she finally gathered her belongings and left the building, she was sweating, her breathing was rapid, and her heart was pounding. (8)Yet she had no rational explanation for her fears. Which sentence explains more about the word? / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration (1)Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places. (2)People with acrophobia exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in response to being at great heights. (3)For instance, one sufferer of extreme acrophobia, Sally Maxwell, is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. (4)Her acrophobia began one evening when she was working alone in her office on the eighth floor of a large building. (5)Suddenly she was struck with terror by the idea that she might jump or fall out the open window. (6)She crouched behind a steel filing cabinet, trembling, unable to move. (7)When she finally gathered her belongings and left the building, she was sweating, her breathing was rapid, and her heart was pounding. (8)Yet she had no rational explanation for her fears. Which sentence explains more about the word? / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration (1)Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places. (2)People with acrophobia exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in response to being at great heights. (3)For instance, one sufferer of extreme acrophobia, Sally Maxwell, is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. (4)Her acrophobia began one evening when she was working alone in her office on the eighth floor of a large building. (5)Suddenly she was struck with terror by the idea that she might jump or fall out the open window. (6)She crouched behind a steel filing cabinet, trembling, unable to move. (7)When she finally gathered her belongings and left the building, she was sweating, her breathing was rapid, and her heart was pounding. (8)Yet she had no rational explanation for her fears. The example begins in sentence 3 and continues through sentence 8. In which sentence does the example begin? / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration (1)Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places. (2)People with acrophobia exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in response to being at great heights. (3)For instance, one sufferer of extreme acrophobia, Sally Maxwell, is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. (4)Her acrophobia began one evening when she was working alone in her office on the eighth floor of a large building. (5)Suddenly she was struck with terror by the idea that she might jump or fall out the open window. (6)She crouched behind a steel filing cabinet, trembling, unable to move. (7)When she finally gathered her belongings and left the building, she was sweating, her breathing was rapid, and her heart was pounding. (8)Yet she had no rational explanation for her fears. The example begins in sentence 3 and continues through sentence 8. The author introduces that illustration with the transition For instance. )For instance, / The Definition and Example Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Illustration / The Definition and Example Pattern (1)Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places. (2)People with acrophobia exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in response to being at great heights. (3)For instance, one sufferer of extreme acrophobia, Sally Maxwell, is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. (4)Her acrophobia began one evening when she was working alone in her office on the eighth floor of a large building. (5)Suddenly she was struck with terror by the idea that she might jump or fall out the open window. (6)She crouched behind a steel filing cabinet, trembling, unable to move. (7)When she finally gathered her belongings and left the building, she was sweating, her breathing was rapid, and her heart was pounding. (8)Yet she had no rational explanation for her fears. )For instance,

Practice 2 – p. 226

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast 2 Comparison and Contrast Words That Show Comparison Which item below is easier to understand? A. Driving a car is a skill that we learn through practice. Writing a paper is a skill that we learn through hands-on experience. B. Driving a car is a skill that we learn through practice. Similarly, writing a paper is a skill that we learn through hands-on experience.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast A. Driving a car is a skill that we learn through practice. Writing a paper is a skill that we learn through hands-on experience. B. Driving a car is a skill that we learn through practice. Similarly, writing a paper is a skill that we learn through hands-on experience. The first item makes us wonder, “What has learning to drive a car got to do with writing a paper?” / Words That Show Comparison

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast A. Driving a car is a skill that we learn through practice. Writing a paper is a skill that we learn through hands-on experience. B. Driving a car is a skill that we learn through practice. Similarly, writing a paper is a skill that we learn through hands-on experience. In the second item, the transition word similarly makes it clear that the author intends to compare learning to write a paper with learning to drive a car. / Words That Show Comparison

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast B. Driving a car is a skill that we learn through practice. Similarly, writing a paper is a skill that we learn through hands-on experience. Similarly and words like it are comparison words. Comparison words signal similarities. Authors use a comparison transition to show that a second idea is like the first one in some way. / Words That Show Comparison

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Comparison In this cartoon, the word resemble helps show a comparison is being made. DRABBLE © 2000 Kevin Fagin. Reprinted with permission of UNIVERSAL UCLICK for UFS. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Comparison Moviemakers with a big hit tend to repeat the winning idea in their next film, just like authors who use a successful plot over and over. Here are some common words that show comparison: Examples When buying milk, my mother always takes a bottle from the back of the shelf. Similarly, when my father buys a newspaper, he usually grabs one from the middle of the pile. Comparison Words

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Comparison Moviemakers with a big hit tend to repeat the winning idea in their next film, just like authors who use a successful plot over and over. When buying milk, my mother always takes a bottle from the back of the shelf. Similarly, when my father buys a newspaper, he usually grabs one from the middle of the pile. Notice how these comparison words show that things are alike in some way.

Using a smartphone in a darkened theater will not win you any friends. ______________, talking out loud with your movie partner will soon make people scowl in your direction.

______________ an athlete in training, the mind of a reader grows stronger with practice.

Spicy foods make me very thirsty. Believe it or not, ice cream affects me ___________.

The Amish people farm their land _______ their 18 th century relatives did, without benefit of gasoline-powered tractors or other modern equipment.

____________ rats become hostile when they live in a crowded cage, humans become aggressive in crowded conditions.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast Words That Show Contrast Which item below is easier to understand? A. A roller coaster scares many people. They love riding on it. B. Even though a roller coaster scares many people, they love riding on it.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast A. A roller coaster scares many people. They love riding on it. B. Even though a roller coaster scares many people, they love riding on it. In the first item, the two sentences seem to contradict each other. We want to ask, “Do people like a roller coaster, or don’t they?” / Words That Show Contrast

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast A. A roller coaster scares many people. They love riding on it. B. Even though a roller coaster scares many people, they love riding on it. In the first item, the two sentences seem to contradict each other. We want to ask, “Do people like a roller coaster, or don’t they?” In the second item, the phrase even though makes clear the relationship between the two ideas: In spite of the fact that a roller coaster is scary, people still love riding on it. / Words That Show Contrast

B. Even though a roller coaster scares many people, they love riding on it. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Contrast Even though and words and phrases like it are contrast words. Contrast words shows that two things differ in one or more ways.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Contrast In this cartoon, the speaker is contrasting two possible ways to die.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Contrast People used to think that getting chilled would lead to catching a cold. However, getting chilled has nothing to do with getting sick. Here are some common words that show contrast: Examples Skunks are unpopular creatures, yet they eat lots of mice and bugs and don’t spray unless they feel threatened. Contrast Words

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / Words That Show Contrast People used to think that getting chilled would lead to catching a cold. However, getting chilled has nothing to do with getting sick. Skunks are unpopular creatures, yet they eat lots of mice and bugs and don’t spray unless they feel threatened. Notice how these contrast words signal that one idea is different from another idea.

Most of us could live without food for a month; ___________, we need 2 quarts of water a day to survive.

_____________ going up a ladder is easy, looking down from the top can be difficult.

At first we were planning on spending our vacation at a campground, __________ now we’ve decided to save money be relaxing at home.

Paula was not satisfied with her paper ___________ the fact that she had already written 5 drafts.

We use 17 muscles to smile. __________, we have to use 43 muscles to frown.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern Authors use a comparison pattern to show how two things are alike. Authors use a contrast pattern to show how two things are different.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern Sometimes an author will compare and contrast in the same paragraph, pointing out both similarities and differences between two things.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern See if you can arrange the following sentences in a logical order. Which sentence should come first? Second? Third? A. Yet the large, hairy tarantula is relatively harmless, while the small brown recluse is dangerously poisonous. B. The tarantula and the brown recluse are more different than they are similar. C. It’s true that both spiders are alike in inspiring a great deal of fear.

The tarantula and the brown recluse are more different than they are similar. It’s true that both spiders are alike in inspiring a great deal of fear. Yet the large, hairy tarantula is relatively harmless, while the small brown recluse is dangerously poisonous. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern The sentences should read as follows: The first sentence of this paragraph is the general one, the one with the main idea. The words similar and different suggest a comparison and/or contrast pattern of organization.

The tarantula and the brown recluse are more different than they are similar. It’s true that both spiders are alike in inspiring a great deal of fear. Yet the large, hairy tarantula is relatively harmless, while the small brown recluse is dangerously poisonous. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern The first sentence of this paragraph is the general one, the one with the main idea. The words similar and different suggest a comparison and/or contrast pattern of organization. The comparison words both and alike and the contrast words yet and while in the other two sentences show that the spiders are indeed being compared and contrasted.

In middle age, men and women often view life very differently, especially if they are couples who have led traditional lives. By middle age, the husband is often comfortable in his position at work and has given up any dreams of advancing further. He may then become more family-oriented. In contrast, once the children are grown, the wife may find herself free to explore interests and develop abilities she has had no time for in the previous fifteen or twenty years. Unlike her husband, she may be more interested in non-family activities than she was before. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern The following paragraph will give you a better sense of the compare and/or contrast pattern. The main idea is stated in the first sentence. As is often the case, the main idea suggests a paragraph’s pattern of organization. Here the transition differently is a hint that the paragraph may be organized in a comparison and/or contrast pattern. differently,

In middle age, men and women often view life very differently, especially if they are couples who have led traditional lives. By middle age, the husband is often comfortable in his position at work and has given up any dreams of advancing further. He may then become more family-oriented. In contrast, once the children are grown, the wife may find herself free to explore interests and develop abilities she has had no time for in the previous fifteen or twenty years. Unlike her husband, she may be more interested in non-family activities than she was before. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern Is the paragraph A. comparing? B. contrasting? C. comparing and contrasting?

In middle age, men and women often view life very differently, especially if they are couples who have led traditional lives. By middle age, the husband is often comfortable in his position at work and has given up any dreams of advancing further. He may then become more family-oriented. In contrast, once the children are grown, the wife may find herself free to explore interests and develop abilities she has had no time for in the previous fifteen or twenty years. Unlike her husband, she may be more interested in non-family activities than she was before. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern Is the paragraph A. comparing? B. contrasting? C. comparing and contrasting?

In middle age, men and women often view life very differently, especially if they are couples who have led traditional lives. By middle age, the husband is often comfortable in his position at work and has given up any dreams of advancing further. He may then become more family-oriented. In contrast, once the children are grown, the wife may find herself free to explore interests and develop abilities she has had no time for in the previous fifteen or twenty years. Unlike her husband, she may be more interested in non-family activities than she was before. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern What two things are being contrasted?

In middle age, men and women often view life very differently, especially if they are couples who have led traditional lives. By middle age, the husband is often comfortable in his position at work and has given up any dreams of advancing further. He may then become more family-oriented. In contrast, once the children are grown, the wife may find herself free to explore interests and develop abilities she has had no time for in the previous fifteen or twenty years. Unlike her husband, she may be more interested in non-family activities than she was before. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern What two things are being contrasted? The views of traditional middle-aged men and women

In middle age, men and women often view life very differently, especially if they are couples who have led traditional lives. By middle age, the husband is often comfortable in his position at work and has given up any dreams of advancing further. He may then become more family-oriented. In contrast, once the children are grown, the wife may find herself free to explore interests and develop abilities she has had no time for in the previous fifteen or twenty years. Unlike her husband, she may be more interested in non-family activities than she was before. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern What three contrast transition words or phrases are used in the paragraph?

In middle age, men and women often view life very differently, especially if they are couples who have led traditional lives. By middle age, the husband is often comfortable in his position at work and has given up any dreams of advancing further. He may then become more family-oriented. In contrast, once the children are grown, the wife may find herself free to explore interests and develop abilities she has had no time for in the previous fifteen or twenty years. Unlike her husband, she may be more interested in non-family activities than she was before. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern What three contrast transition words or phrases are used in the paragraph? differently, In contrast, Unlike

In middle age, men and women often view life very differently, especially if they are couples who have led traditional lives. By middle age, the husband is often comfortable in his position at work and has given up any dreams of advancing further. He may then become more family-oriented. In contrast, once the children are grown, the wife may find herself free to explore interests and develop abilities she has had no time for in the previous fifteen or twenty years. Unlike her husband, she may be more interested in non-family activities than she was before. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Comparison and Contrast / The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern

Practice 5 – p

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect 3 Cause and Effect Words That Show Cause and Effect Which item below is easier to understand? A. The paint has worn off the wooden siding. Fungus has begun to grow on it. B. Because the paint has worn off the wooden siding, fungus has begun to grow on it.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / Words That Show Cause and Effect In the first item, it seems the author is simply listing two things that have happened to the wooden siding. A. The paint has worn off the wooden siding. Fungus has begun to grow on it. B. Because the paint has worn off the wooden siding, fungus has begun to grow on it.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / Words That Show Cause and Effect The word because in the second item makes clear the relationship between the two ideas—the protective paint wore off, and for this reason, the fungus was able to grow. A. The paint has worn off the wooden siding. Fungus has begun to grow on it. B. Because the paint has worn off the wooden siding, fungus has begun to grow on it. In the first item, it seems the author is simply listing two things that have happened to the wooden siding.

B. Because the paint has worn off the wooden siding, fungus has begun to grow on it. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / Words That Show Cause and Effect Because and words like it are cause and effect words. Cause and effect words signal that the author is explaining the reason why something happened or the result of something happening.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / Words That Show Cause and Effect My sister became a vegetarian because she doesn’t want to eat anything that had a mother. Here are some common words that show cause and effect: Examples At one time in history, birth records were not kept for ordinary people. As a result, the only birthday parties given were for kings, queens, and other royalty. Cause and Effect Words

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / Words That Show Cause and Effect My sister became a vegetarian because she doesn’t want to eat anything that had a mother. At one time in history, birth records were not kept for ordinary people. As a result, the only birthday parties given were for kings, queens, and other royalty. Notice how these cause and effect words introduce a reason for something or the result of something.

___________ property taxes in the city have gone sky-high, many corporations are moving to the suburbs.

Maria’s resume is impressive; ____________, she has already had several job interviews.

My family is full of great Italian cooks, __________ canned ravioli tastes like cardboard to me.

___________ car dealers have a monthly quota of cars to sell, they are more likely to offer good deals near the end of the month.

Some zoo animals have not learned how to be good parents. _____________, baby animals are sometimes brought up in zoo nurseries and even in private homes.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect The Cause and Effect Pattern Information in a cause-effect pattern addresses the questions “Why does a behavior or event happen?” and/or “What are the results of a behavior or event?” An author may then discuss causes, or effects, or both causes and effects.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect In the cartoon above, the applicant is told that the result of interest rates going up or down will, unfortunately for him, be the same: Either way, his mortgage payment will go up! Cause 1 Effect 1 Cause 2 Effect 2 / The Cause and Effect Pattern

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern Try to can arrange the following sentences in a logical order. Which sentence should come first? Second? Third? A. Growing up without parents around resulted in the monkeys drinking enormous amounts of alcohol. B. A study of monkeys suggests two factors may lead to alcoholism. C. Low levels of serotonin in the brain also caused the monkeys to drink more.

A study of monkeys suggests two factors may lead to alcoholism. Growing up without parents around resulted in the monkeys drinking enormous amounts of alcohol. Low levels of serotonin in the brain also caused the monkeys to drink more. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern As the words lead to, resulted in, and caused suggest, this paragraph is organized in a cause and effect pattern. The sentences should read as follows: caused resulted in lead to

A study of monkeys suggests two factors may lead to alcoholism. Growing up without parents around resulted in the monkeys drinking enormous amounts of alcohol. Low levels of serotonin in the brain also caused the monkeys to drink more. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern The paragraph begins with the general idea that two factors may lead to alcoholism in monkeys. Alcoholism is the result or effect. The next two sentences give possible causes of alcoholism.

A study of monkeys suggests two factors may lead to alcoholism. Growing up without parents around resulted in the monkeys drinking enormous amounts of alcohol. Low levels of serotonin in the brain also caused the monkeys to drink more. CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern Effect: Alcoholism in monkeys Cause: Growing up without parents around Cause: Low levels of serotonin in the brain

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern The following paragraph describes one effect that is supported by three causes. Even the best listeners are unable to listen carefully to everything they hear. One reason is the overload of messages we encounter each day. Besides the numerous hours we spend hearing others speak, we may spend several more hours listening to the radio or television. It just isn’t possible to avoid having our attention wander at least part of this time. Another cause of poor listening is a preoccupation with personal concerns. A romance gone sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as someone is speaking to us. In addition, being surrounded by noise may result in poor listening. For example, many voices at a noisy party or the sound of traffic may make it difficult for us to hear everything that is being said.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern Even the best listeners are unable to listen carefully to everything they hear. One reason is the overload of messages we encounter each day. Besides the numerous hours we spend hearing others speak, we may spend several more hours listening to the radio or television. It just isn’t possible to avoid having our attention wander at least part of this time. Another cause of poor listening is a preoccupation with personal concerns. A romance gone sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as someone is speaking to us. In addition, being surrounded by noise may result in poor listening. For example, many voices at a noisy party or the sound of traffic may make it difficult for us to hear everything that is being said. What three causes are described in the paragraph?

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern Even the best listeners are unable to listen carefully to everything they hear. One reason is the overload of messages we encounter each day. Besides the numerous hours we spend hearing others speak, we may spend several more hours listening to the radio or television. It just isn’t possible to avoid having our attention wander at least part of this time. Another cause of poor listening is a preoccupation with personal concerns. A romance gone sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as someone is speaking to us. In addition, being surrounded by noise may result in poor listening. For example, many voices at a noisy party or the sound of traffic may make it difficult for us to hear everything that is being said. What three causes are described in the paragraph? Message overload Preoccupation with personal concerns Being surrounded by noise

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern Even the best listeners are unable to listen carefully to everything they hear. One reason is the overload of messages we encounter each day. Besides the numerous hours we spend hearing others speak, we may spend several more hours listening to the radio or television. It just isn’t possible to avoid having our attention wander at least part of this time. Another cause of poor listening is a preoccupation with personal concerns. A romance gone sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as someone is speaking to us. In addition, being surrounded by noise may result in poor listening. For example, many voices at a noisy party or the sound of traffic may make it difficult for us to hear everything that is being said. The three causes lead to what result or effect? Message overload Preoccupation with personal concerns Being surrounded by noise 1 2 3

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern Even the best listeners are unable to listen carefully to everything they hear. One reason is the overload of messages we encounter each day. Besides the numerous hours we spend hearing others speak, we may spend several more hours listening to the radio or television. It just isn’t possible to avoid having our attention wander at least part of this time. Another cause of poor listening is a preoccupation with personal concerns. A romance gone sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as someone is speaking to us. In addition, being surrounded by noise may result in poor listening. For example, many voices at a noisy party or the sound of traffic may make it difficult for us to hear everything that is being said. The three causes lead to what result or effect? Message overload Preoccupation with personal concerns Being surrounded by noise Effect: Poor listening

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern Even the best listeners are unable to listen carefully to everything they hear. One reason is the overload of messages we encounter each day. Besides the numerous hours we spend hearing others speak, we may spend several more hours listening to the radio or television. It just isn’t possible to avoid having our attention wander at least part of this time. Another cause of poor listening is a preoccupation with personal concerns. A romance gone sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as someone is speaking to us. In addition, being surrounded by noise may result in poor listening. For example, many voices at a noisy party or the sound of traffic may make it difficult for us to hear everything that is being said. What three cause and effect signal words or phrases are used?

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern Even the best listeners are unable to listen carefully to everything they hear. One reason is the overload of messages we encounter each day. Besides the numerous hours we spend hearing others speak, we may spend several more hours listening to the radio or television. It just isn’t possible to avoid having our attention wander at least part of this time. Another cause of poor listening is a preoccupation with personal concerns. A romance gone sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as someone is speaking to us. In addition, being surrounded by noise may result in poor listening. For example, many voices at a noisy party or the sound of traffic may make it difficult for us to hear everything that is being said. What three cause and effect signal words or phrases are used? reason cause result in

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern Even the best listeners are unable to listen carefully to everything they hear. One reason is the overload of messages we encounter each day. Besides the numerous hours we spend hearing others speak, we may spend several more hours listening to the radio or television. It just isn’t possible to avoid having our attention wander at least part of this time. Another cause of poor listening is a preoccupation with personal concerns. A romance gone sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as someone is speaking to us. In addition, being surrounded by noise may result in poor listening. For example, many voices at a noisy party or the sound of traffic may make it difficult for us to hear everything that is being said. Effect: Poor listening Cause: Message overload Cause: Preoccupation with personal concerns Cause: Being surrounded by noise

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Cause and Effect / The Cause and Effect Pattern Even the best listeners are unable to listen carefully to everything they hear. One reason is the overload of messages we encounter each day. Besides the numerous hours we spend hearing others speak, we may spend several more hours listening to the radio or television. It just isn’t possible to avoid having our attention wander at least part of this time. Another cause of poor listening is a preoccupation with personal concerns. A romance gone sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as someone is speaking to us. In addition, being surrounded by noise may result in poor listening. For example, many voices at a noisy party or the sound of traffic may make it difficult for us to hear everything that is being said. Effect: Poor listening Cause: Message overload Cause: Preoccupation with personal concerns Cause: Being surrounded by noise

Practice 7 – p

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization Remember that a paragraph’s main idea often indicates its pattern of organization.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II In middle age, men and women often view life very differently, especially if they are couples who have led traditional lives. Here is the main idea sentence of a paragraph you worked on earlier: This sentence may have made you expect that the paragraph would go on to contrast the views of middle- aged men and women. If so, the paragraph would be organized according to the comparison and/or contrast pattern. A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization The development of the automobile in the early twentieth century resulted in a number of changes in U.S. society. Try to figure out the pattern of the paragraph with this main idea: A. Definition and example B. Comparison and/or contrast C. Cause and effect

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization The development of the automobile in the early twentieth century resulted in a number of changes in U.S. society. Try to figure out the pattern of the paragraph with this main idea: A. Definition and example B. Comparison and/or contrast C. Cause and effect The words resulted in suggest that the paragraph will have a cause and effect pattern, discussing the social effects of the introduction of the automobile.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization A franchise is a business arrangement in which an individual obtains rights from a larger company to sell a well-known product or service. Try to figure out the pattern of the paragraph with this main idea: A. Definition and example B. Comparison and/or contrast C. Cause and effect

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization A franchise is a business arrangement in which an individual obtains rights from a larger company to sell a well-known product or service. Try to figure out the pattern of the paragraph with this main idea: A. Definition and example B. Comparison and/or contrast C. Cause and effect The word franchise is defined, suggesting that the paragraph will follow a definition and example pattern, with examples of various franchises to follow.

A communicable disease is one in which an infectious organism is usually passed from person to person. A. Definition & Example B. Comparison/Contrast C. Cause & Effect

Following are 3 reasons for the existence of stereotypes A. Definition & Example B. Comparison/Contrast C. Cause & Effect

College students in their 30s and 40s face many of the same pressures as younger students, but they are often better equipped to withstand these pressures. A. Definition & Example B. Comparison/Contrast C. Cause & Effect.

A growing concern with health has affected the way that many Americans eat. A. Definition & Example B. Comparison/Contrast C. Cause & Effect

A mission statement is an organization’s declaration of how it will achieve its purpose. A. Definition & Example B. Comparison/Contrast C. Cause & Effect

Americans typically think of men as naturally better suited to perform the most strenuous physical labor, but not all peoples of the world hold the same view. A. Definition & example B. Comparison/Contrast C. Cause & Effect

Because of economic pressures, increasing numbers of people are seeking housing assistance. A. Definition & Example B. Compare/Contrast C. Cause & Effect

Nonverbal communication behaviors are those bodily actions and vocal qualities that accompany a verbal message and have agreed-upon interpretations within a culture. A. Definition & Example B. Comparison/Contrast C. Cause & Effect

There are several possible explanations for why retail prices often end on certain numbers. A. Definition & Example B. Comparison/Contrast C. Cause & Effect

First-year college students who expect to do well in school need to learn quickly the right and wrong ways of preparing for exams. A. Definition & Example B. Comparison/Contrast C. Cause & Effect

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II A Final Point Keep in mind that a paragraph or passage may often be made up of more than one pattern of organization.

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II A Final Point Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable fear of high places. People with acrophobia exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in response to being at great heights. For instance, one sufferer of extreme acrophobia, Sally Maxwell, is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety. Her acrophobia began one evening when she was working alone in her office on the eighth floor of a large building. Suddenly she was struck with terror by the idea that she might jump or fall out the open window. She crouched behind a steel filing cabinet, trembling, unable to move. When she finally gathered her belongings and left the building, she was sweating, her breathing was rapid, and her heart was pounding. Yet she had no rational explanation for her fears. For instance, consider this passage you saw earlier in the chapter: The paragraph uses the definition and example pattern. Definition But the example itself—a series of events on one evening in Sally Maxwell’s life—uses a time order pattern. Example Time order

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II A Final Point Or consider the following passage: Have you ever had the experience of recognizing someone’s face but not being able to recall his or her name? The reason is that the information about that person is split up and stored in the two different sides of your brain, and each side has its own way of thinking and remembering. Recalling someone’s face is the task of the right side of your brain, which understands whole things at once and is responsible for visualizing, recognizing similarities, and supplying intuitions. This side of your brain provides insights that are hard to put into words. The left side of your brain deals with language and stores words themselves, including the person’s name that you have temporarily forgotten. This is the side responsible for speaking, reading, writing, and listening. The paragraph uses a cause-effect pattern: The reason we may recognize a face but not recall the name is that these pieces of information are stored in different sides of the brain. reason Effect Cause

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II A Final Point Have you ever had the experience of recognizing someone’s face but not being able to recall his or her name? The reason is that the information about that person is split up and stored in the two different sides of your brain, and each side has its own way of thinking and remembering. Recalling someone’s face is the task of the right side of your brain, which understands whole things at once and is responsible for visualizing, recognizing similarities, and supplying intuitions. This side of your brain provides insights that are hard to put into words. The left side of your brain deals with language and stores words themselves, including the person’s name that you have temporarily forgotten. This is the side responsible for speaking, reading, writing, and listening. It also uses a contrast pattern, explaining the different functions of the two sides of the brain. different Contrast

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II A Final Point Have you ever had the experience of recognizing someone’s face but not being able to recall his or her name? The reason is that the information about that person is split up and stored in the two different sides of your brain, and each side has its own way of thinking and remembering. Recalling someone’s face is the task of the right side of your brain, which understands whole things at once and is responsible for visualizing, recognizing similarities, and supplying intuitions. This side of your brain provides insights that are hard to put into words. The left side of your brain deals with language and stores words themselves, including the person’s name that you have temporarily forgotten. This is the side responsible for speaking, reading, writing, and listening. Effect Cause Contrast

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Continued on next slide

CHAPTER 6 Relationships II Continued