SKELETAL SYSTEM

ORGANIZATION 206 bones 2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicul ar

Axial Skeleton Head, neck, trunk Skull Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs) Sternum

Hyoid Bone

Appendicular Skeleton Limbs & Bones that connect to the o Pectoral Girdle (shoulders) o Pelvic Girdle (hips)

Classification of Bones Slide 5.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Long bones  Typically longer than wide  Have a shaft with heads at both ends  Contain mostly compact bone Examples: Femur, humerus

Classification of Bones Slide 5.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Short bones  Generally cube-shape  Contain mostly spongy bone  Examples: Carpals, tarsals

Classification of Bones Slide 5.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Flat bones  Thin and flattened  Usually curved  Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone  Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

Classification of Bones Slide 5.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Irregular bones  Irregular shape  Do not fit into other bone classification categories  Example: Vertebrae and hip

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Slide 5.4c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1

Skeletal Organization – bone names **Handout and Smart Board labeling** Help for learning bone features, etc. for organization lab: To lab!! – lab #13 – Organization of the Skeleton For review after lab:

Functions of the Skeletal System Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE Support and Protection Body movement Blood cell formation hematopoiesis Storage of inorganic materials and fat (salt, calcium, phosphorus….)

BONE STRUCTURE - Long Bone 1.Epiphysis 2.Diaphysis 3.Articular Cartilage 4.Periosteum

Inside the Long Bone Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow Red Marrow (blood) Yellow Marrow (fat) Endosteum – lining of the medullary

Types of Bone Tissue Compact (wall of the diaphysis) Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) *

Microscopic Structure OSTEOCYTES - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE OSTEOCYTES form rings around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS

Compact Bone

Structure of a Long Bone Figure 6.3a-c

BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH 1.Intramembranous bones – flat, skull 2. Endochondral bones – all other ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE, areas graduallly turn to bone PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft) SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)

Bone Growth

Structure of Bone Lab  Lab #12

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review of Bone Growth and more

Bone Growth Slide 5.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops  Bones change shape somewhat  Bones grow in width

Bone Growth Slide 5.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops  Bones change shape somewhat  Bones grow in width  LD clip – long bone growth – 4226  skeletons-video.htm skeletons-video.htm  Osteoarthritis – 7138

Types of Bone Cells Slide 5.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteocytes  Mature bone cells  Osteoblasts  Bone-forming cells  Osteoclasts  Bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium  Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts 

Bone Development & Growth EPIPHYSEAL DISK (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify Cartilage becomes OSTEOBLASTS become OSTEOCYTES

RESORPTION OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to release minerals, process is called RESORPTION

Bone Fractures Slide 5.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  A break in a bone  Types of bone fractures  Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin  Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin  Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization  Realignment of the bone

Common Types of Fractures Slide 5.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 5.2

Repair of Bone Fractures Slide 5.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed  Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus  Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus  Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Slide 5.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.5 Bone fracture with clot *******

BONES OF THE SKULL  Frontal - anterior portion above eyes  Hole above eyes?  Supraorbital foramen  Sinuses in this bone?  Frontal sinuses Parietal - one on each side of the skull, just behind frontal bone Occipital - forms the back of the skull and base of the cranium  Largest hole in skull?  Foramen magnum  Smooth protrusions on this bone  Occipital condyles  Temporal - forms parts of the sides and base of cranium  External auditory meatus Sec

Zygomatic Bone – cheekbone Sphenoid - wedged between several other bones in anterior portion of the cranium  Sinuses Maxillae (2)- form upper jaws Nasal (2) Palatine (2) Lacrimal (2) Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Vomer Mandible - lower jaws, only moveable bone of the skull

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SKULL Foramen - refers to any tiny opening, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face Suture - refers to any connection between large bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels) Fissure - any wide gap between bones

Sutures  Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones  Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones  Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones  Sagittal - between parietal bones

 **The hyoid and three middle ear bones in each ear are also in the head, but are not attached to the skull. These are a part of the total 206 number of bones in the human body.

Bones of the Skull & Sutures

Foramen Magnum

Figure 6.10

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The Rest of the Bones

Skeletal System Brief review

2 Divisions:  Axial  Appendicular

Bone Structure

Bone Cells  Mature bone cell  Bone-forming cell  Bone-destroying cells

Repair of Bones  Hematoma  Fibrocartilage callus  Bony callus  Bony callus remodels

Review of Skull Bones  omy/timed/04.htm omy/timed/04.htm  201/skull/antskul.htm 201/skull/antskul.htm

Section Vertebrae Neck = cervical Middle Back = thoracic Lower Back = lumbar

Section 7.7 – Vertebral Column  Cervical Vertebrae 77  Atlas  Axis  **Bifid spinous processes  **transverse foramen for arteries to go to head  Thoracic Vertebrae  12  Larger than cervical

 Lumbar Vertebrae 55  Larger yet and stronger  Sacrum  Sacred or holy  5 fused  Coccyx  tail  4 fused

ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region. ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse.

SCOLIOSIS

LORDOSIS

ANKYLOSIS

Thoracic Cage

Section 7.8 – Thoracic Cage  Ribs – strip or “ribbon” – 12 pairs  1 st 7 pairs – True Ribs (Vertebrosternal)  Join sternum directly by costal cartilage  Hyaline  Remaining 5 pairs – False Ribs (Vertebrochondral) – cartilages of these do not touch sternum directly  Upper 3 – join 7 th rib (Vertebrochondral)  Last 2 – (Vertebral ribs) – floating – no cartilage attachment

Thoracic Cage

Sternum  Manubrium  Body  Xiphoid Process (sword like)  Sternal puncture

Section 7.9 – Pectoral Girdle  Incomplete  2 clavicles  2 scapulae – coracoid process, acromion process, spine, glenoid cavity

Pectoral Girdle

Section 7.10 – Upper Limb  Humerus – head fits into glenoid cavity  Greater tubercle  Lesser tubercle  Anatomical neck  Surgical neck – fractures  Deltoid tuberosity

 Olecranon fossa –posterior  Coronoid fossa – anterior  Trochlea – medial  Capitulum – lateral  epicondyles

See transparency**

 Radius – head, radial tuberosity, styloid process  Ulna – olecranon process, trochlear notch, coronoid process, styloid process  Wrist – carpus – mass of bones – 8, 2 rows of 4 each  Hand – metacarpals – 5 – form the palm, distal ends form the knuckles, #1-5, beginning with thumb

 Phalanges – 14 – finger bones  Each finger: proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx  Thumb: lacks middle phalanx

Bones of the Arm Ulna goes to pinky (P-U) Radius goes to thumb

Wrist Bones For test Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Section 7.11 – Pelvic Girdle  Ilium  Ischium  Pubis  Acetabulum  Obturator foramen

Pelvic Girdle

Section 7.13 – Lower Limbs  Femur – Head, Fovea capitus, Greater trochanter, Lesser trochanter, Lateral and Medial condyles, Lateral and Medial epicondyles  Tibia – Medial and Lateral condyle, Tibial tuberosity, Medial maleolus  Fibula – Head of Fibula, Lateral maleolus

Bones of the Leg

Ankle and Foot  Tarsals – Calcaneus, Talus  Metatarsals  Phalanges – Proximal, Middle, and Distal

Bones of the Ankle For Test Calcaneous Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Bones of the Ankle For Test Calcaneous Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges