1. SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. Functions of the Skeletal System
Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE
Support and Protection
Body movement
Blood cell formation (bone marrow) - hemopoiesis
Storage of inorganic materials                     (salt, calcium, potassium….)

3. 2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicular
ORGANIZATION
About 206 bones
2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicular

4. Axial Skeleton
Head, neck, trunk
Skull
Hyoid Bone
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs)
Sternum

5. Hyoid Bone

6. Appendicular Skeleton
Limbs & Bones that connect to the
Pectoral Girdle (shoulders)
Pelvic Girdle (hips)

7. BONE STRUCTURE - Long Bone
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Articular Cartilage
Periosteum

8. Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow
Inside the Long Bone
Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow
Red Marrow (blood)
Yellow Marrow (fat)
Endosteum
– lining of the medullary

9. Compact (wall of the diaphysis)
Types of Bone Tissue
Compact (wall of the diaphysis)
Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) - red marrow

10. Structure of a Long Bone
Figure 6.3a-c

11. * Assignment
– Coloring of a Long Bone

12. Review the Structure of a Long Bone
Matching quiz at

13. Microscopic Structure
MATRIX - where the bone cells live
OSTEOCYTES  - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE
OSTEOCYTES form rings (LAMELLAE) around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels
Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI
Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS

14. Compact Bone
BONE COLORING!

15. Test Yourself
Find the...
Haversian Canal
Volkman's Canal
Lamellae
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone

17. BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH
Intramembranous bones – flat, skull
 Endochondral bones – all other
ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE, areas graduallly turn to bone
         
PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft)
        
SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)

18. Bone Development & Growth
EPIPHYSEAL DISK  (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis
These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify
Cartilage becomes OSTEOBLASTS become OSTEOCYTES

19. RESORPTION
OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to release minerals,  process is called RESORPTION

20. Bone Growth

21. Bone Growth
* Assignment - Coloring of the Aging Hand

22. Types of Joints (articulations)
Synarthrotic (not moveable, aka sutures)
Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable, vertebrae)
Diarthrotic (moveable joint, aka synovial joints)

23. Synovial fluid - fluid within the joints that helps to lubricate
Types of Joints
1.  Ball and Socket
2.  Hinge
3.  Pivot
4.  Saddle

24. BONES OF THE SKULL
1. Frontal - 2. Parietal Occipital - 4. Temporal Sphenoid Maxilla Mandible -
8. Zygomatic -

25. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SKULL
Foramen - refers to any tiny opening, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face
Mental Foramen

26. Suture - refers to any connection between large bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels)
Fissure - any wide gap between bones

27. Sutures
1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones 2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones 3. Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones 4. Sagittal - between parietal bones

28. Bones of the Skull & Sutures

29. Foramen Magnum
* Assignment: Skull Labeling

31. Figure 6.10

32. Figure 6.10

34. The Rest of the Bones

35. Vertebrae
Neck = cervical
Middle Back = thoracic
Lower Back = lumbar

36. Thoracic Cage

37. Pectoral Girdle

38. Bones of the Arm
Ulna goes to pinky  (P-U)
Radius goes to thumb

39. Wrist Bones For test Carpels Metacarpals Phalanges
*extra credit opportunity

40. Name the carpals for extra credit on test.

41. Pelvic Girdle

42. Bones of the Leg

43. Bones of the Ankle For Test Calcaneous Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
Assignment – Skeleton Labeling

47. Broken Bones

50. Identify Bones on a real skeleton • Lab Practical Test
Upcoming Assignments
The Skeleton Mystery - read about a “crime scene” and reconstruct skeletons to identify the remains
Watch a Bones Episode
Identify Bones on a real skeleton • Lab Practical Test
Medical Imaging – learn how doctors view bones and diagnose problems

51. TEST INFORMATION
Test will cover everything in your notes and on the slides presented in class
Visit biologycorner.com for study aids
A second test will occur that covers the lab portion

52. Abnormal Bone Conditions
BONE SPURS: abnormal growth. Can occur on any bone (e.g. heel).
OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down bone, and the subsequent fewer minerals in the extracellular matrix make it fragile. The spongy bone especially becomes more porous.
Men get it as well as women. What’s the best way to prevent osteoporosis? Exercise! What does exercise do? Makes bones bigger.
The most common bone used for a bone graft is the iliac bone of the hip.

53. Osteoporosis
Figure 6.15

54. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity
Source: 

55. ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE
SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine
KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve
LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region.
ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse.

56. SCOLIOSIS

57. LORDOSIS

58. ANKYLOSIS

59. FUN FACTS ABOUT BONESBone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone.
Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood we have only 206 in our bodies.
The giraffe has the same number of bones in its neck as a human: seven in total.
The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25 mph. The human skull will fracture at 5mph.