Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics EARTHSYS 8: The Oceans Lecture 1 Reading: Investigating Oceanography, Chapter 2.

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Presentation transcript:

Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics EARTHSYS 8: The Oceans Lecture 1 Reading: Investigating Oceanography, Chapter 2

Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics Outline Earth’s Interior Continental Drift Seafloor Spreading Plate Tectonics Motion of the Plates History of Continents

Seismic waves following earthquakes How do we study Earth’s Interior?

Seismic waves following earthquakes

Earth’s Interior Layers

The Lithosphere Fusion of crust & upper mantle Rigid Thinner beneath oceanic regions

Continental Drift Theory proposed by Wegener in early 1900s

Evidence of Continental Drift -Fossil record -Mountain ranges -Geographic fit -Glaciation patterns -Rock sequences

World Ocean Floor Chart Revealed major ridges and trenches on seafloor

Seafloor Spreading Proposed by Hess (1960s)

Plate Tectonics

Types of Plate Boundaries

Plate Tectonics

Ocean Formation

Mechanism for Plate Tectonics: Convection Model

Mechanism for Plate Tectonics: Ridge-push, slab-pull model

History of Continents: The Wilson Cycle

Summary & Important Concepts Seismology used to map Earth’s interior: crust, mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core Oceanic crust denser than continental; Isostasy = pressure balance Theories of continental drift and seafloor spreading led to current understanding of plate tectonics

Summary & Important Concepts Plates in lithosphere are bounded by ridges, trenches, and faults Divergent plate motion creates new ocean basins; Convergent motion destroys ocean, creates mountains Plate tectonics mechanism not fully known Oceans always evolving

Discussion Activity Consider the following questions: How are hydrothermal vents formed? What is a black smoker? What causes pole reversals? What are the implications for marine life, climate, or tides? How might earthquakes affect marine life?