Tools and Strategies
judges as makers of primary law court decisions complement legislation codes merely compile statutes procedure very influential
civil codes as closed system courts may not have power to review executive or legislative decisions (but cf. constitutional courts) private vs. public law judges not supposed to be making law importance of “doctrine”
Most often a “mixed” system Qur'an, Sunnah, fiqh Most sources in Arabic May be codified
Common-law systems may codify (e.g., UCC) Greater role for precedent in civil law systems More constitutional courts; have invalidated parts of codes
Identify resources available to you Understand country’s legal system ◦ Reynolds & Flores ◦ Country guides ◦ Secondary sources ◦ Modern Legal Systems Cyclopedia
Country-specific research guide Martindale-Hubbell International Law Digest (Lexis/web) Local law library—use catalog, local guides
Online or print Not country-specific! More later!
GlobaLex (country guides) WorldLII government sites search engines GLIN
Controlled vocabulary (index)
Unavailable for most foreign legal materials Expensive Often outdated Usually not authoritative Free electronic translations (e.g., Google Translate) can help for gist ONLY
Strategies diverge ◦ By country developed vs. developing common law vs. civil English-language vs. other ◦ By subject commercial vs. other human rights aspect?
available for lucrative practice areas commentary or primary materials or both generally in English not always up-to-date often looseleaf (e.g., ) Some listed on Researching Foreign Law guide at U Minn Library Charlotte Bynum’s guide at GlobaLex
updated annually skeletal information on basic legal questions some citations covers fewer countries than Reynolds & Flores
“Doing Business in…” guides government websites monographs periodical articles
Criminal law -- Buffalo collection Litigation – practice guides Administrative – agency websites Human rights – NGO sites Environment – UNEP, FAO, etc. IP –WIPO, UNESCO, even US treatises Labor law --NATLEX
Mostly common-law, English-language jurisdictions Coverage somewhat volatile
Mostly common-law, English-language jurisdictions Coverage somewhat volatile
electronic discussion lists (listservs) Foreign embassies Law Library of Congress State Department country desk translators foreign counsel