Allen Lyons May 2015 I/M Solutions Virginia Beach, Virginia 1

Area Designations for National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone and PM2.5 PM2.5 Annual 8-Hour Ozone 15 areas violate the standard 2 areas violate the standard Nonattainment Unclassified/Attainment

3 By OzoneBy Year Round Particle Pollution 1. Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA1. Fresno-Madera, CA 2. Visalia-Porterville-Hanford, CA2. Bakersfield, CA 3. Bakersfield, CA3. Visalia-Porterville-Hanford, CA 4. Fresno-Madera, CA4. Modesto-Merced, CA 5. Sacramento-Roseville, CA5. Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 6. Houston-The Woodlands, TX6. El Centro, CA 7. Dallas-Fort Worth, TX7. San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA 8. Modesto-Merced, CA8. Cincinnati-Wilmington-Maysville, OH 9. Las Vegas-Henderson, NV9. Pittsburgh-New Castle, PA 10. Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ10. Cleveland-Akron-Canto, OH Top 10 Cities With Highest Levels of Pollution

 Conventional Programs ◦ New vehicle/engine standards for mobile sources ◦ Smog Check 4

 Accelerate fleet turnover, or reduce usage  Early fleet modernization for light-duty vehicles  Small engine exchange programs (lawnmower buyback)  Marine engine emissions  Railroad agreements  Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Emission Reduction Strategies 5

6 HD Diesel Vehicle Fleet Impacts EMFAC 2011

 Idea: Modernize engines used in heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs)  Goal: Require most HDDVs to operate with M2010 or newer engines by 2023  Replace/Repower/Retrofit 7

Heavier Vehicles 26,001 lbs. GVWR and up Lighter Vehicles 14,001 – 26,000 lbs. GVWR 8 MY 2010  Pre-1994: MY 2010  : MY 2010  : Retrofit  then MY 2010  : MY 2010  2023

9 90% lower Note: Emissions are average in-use emissions by engine model year Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Emission Standards

 Transporting cargo to/from ports, intermodal railyards  Class 7/8 trucks must be powered by MY Engine  By 2023, must be powered by MY engine 10

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12 Aerodynamic Losses: 85kWh 21% Engine Losses: 240kWh 60% Auxiliary Loads: 15kWh 4% Drivetrain Losses: 9 kWh 2% Rolling Resistance Losses: 51 kWh 13% Based on Data from U.S. DOE (21 st Century Truck Partnership). 2006

 Applies to 53-foot or longer box-type trailers (dry-van or refrigerated van) and the tractor pulling this trailer.  Requires of U.S. EPA SmartWay verified aerodynamic and low rolling resistance tires (details on later slides)  Provisions exist for local and short haul applications 13

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 Trailers – 2 options ◦ SmartWay certified trailers ◦ Retrofitted with aerodynamic packages ◦ Must achieve 4 to 5% fuel savings  Tractors ◦ MY 2011 – 2013 Sleeper Cabs must be SmartWay certified ◦ MY tractors are subject to federal Phase 1 regs 15

 Smoke Opacity Inspections ◦ Roadside Inspections ◦ Periodic Smog Inspection Program  Vehicle Idling Restrictions  Transportation Refrigeration Unit (TRU) requirements  Fleet Rules – PM Reduction through DPF Retrofits  Carl Moyer Incentive Funding 16

 Significant flexibility included to facilitate compliance ◦ Small fleet options ◦ Temporary passes ◦ Exemptions for certain designs/use cases  Thousands of regulated entities ◦ Different business shapes, sizes, financial status ◦ Large number of non-English speakers  Registration process used to implement flexibilities  Required significant enforcement/training mechanism 17

18 The Truck Stop Fact Sheets Regulatory Links Training/ Outreach Account Creation Registration Reporting