1. Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Background & Strategies Local Government Climate Change Summit Washington, DC April 10, 2008 Paul Bubbosh, U.S. EPA

2. Overview Transportation GHG emissions  Current situation  Trends for the future Local government strategies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation sector

3. U.S. GHG Emissions Inventory (2005)

4. 1990-2005 Total U.S. GHG Emissions up 16 percent (annualized rate of just over 1 percent) Transportation GHG emissions up 32 percent (annualized rate of 1.87 percent) Transportation accounted for 49 percent of the growth in total U.S. GHG emissions since 1990 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by End Use Economic Sector U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector Industry Transportation Residential Commercial Agricultural Transportation Industry Electricity Agricultural Residential Commercial Growth in U.S. GHG Emissions by Economic Sector

5. Light-Duty Vehicles 59.5% Freight Trucks 19.1% Buses and Motorcycles 0.8% Aircraft 9.4% Boats and Ships 3.2% Rail 2.5% Pipelines 1.5% Refrigerants and Lubricants 3.8% Passenger Cars 31.4% Light-Duty Trucks 28.1% Commercial Aircraft 7.9% U.S. Transportation Sector GHG Emissions, 2005

6. Change in GHGs from Major Transportation Sources, 1990-2005 Freight Trucks Light-Duty Vehicles Commercial Aircraft

7. Light-Duty Vehicles 1990-2005 Passenger Car GHGs decreased by just under two percent LD Truck GHGs increased by 72 percent Total VMT up 38 percent (mainly light-duty truck) Light-Duty Truck VMT Up 84.4% Passenger Car VMT Up 19.2% GHGs from Light-Duty Vehicles, 1990-2005 Passenger Cars Light-Duty Trucks Light-Duty Vehicle VMT, 1990 and 2005

8. Freight Sources GHG Emissions, 1990-2005Ton-Miles, 1990-2004 Sources: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2005; National Transportation Statistics 2005

9. Freight Trucks GHGs increased 69.4 percent (3.6 percent annualized) Medium- and heavy-duty trucks have become less energy efficient since the mid-1990s (VIUS data)  Fuel economy of medium trucks (10,000 to 26,000 lbs) decreased from 8.6 MPG in 1997 to 8.0 mpg in 2002  FE of heavy trucks (over 26,000 lbs) decreased from 6.1 MPG in 1997 to 5.8 MPG in 2002  Possible explanations for decreased fuel economy Demand for more powerful engines Impact of congestion Elimination of mandatory speed limits

10. Transportation Sector Continues to Grow Growth in GHG emissions from the U.S. transportation sector increased 32% from 1990 to 2005— faster than any other U.S. sector. Global growth in transportation is forecast to increase fuel use, and thus carbon emissions, by about 80% over 2002 levels by 2030.

11. Strategies Reduce Idling (car, truck, delivery vans) – 3 Steps (1) Implement state or local anti-idling law See EPA’s Model for State or Local Idling Law at www.epa.gov/smartway/idle-state.htm www.epa.gov/smartway/idle-state.htm (2) Educate drivers about the law (via signs) See NJ DEP’s “Stop the Soot” campaign at www.nj.gov/dep/stopthesoot/ www.nj.gov/dep/stopthesoot/ (3) Enforce idling laws Selective enforcement (1-2x/month at high priority areas sends a message) Enter law in Federal SIP gets you (1) emission reduction credits, and (2) Federal enforcement

12. Strategies Reduce Idling (rail yards) - 3 Steps (1) Work with railroad company to implement no-idle policy for switchers and line haul engines (2) Request that engine auto-start-stop and auxiliary power units are installed on all switch yard locomotives (3) Retire older, pre-1972, unregulated locomotive engines

13. Strategies Encourage Inter-Modal Yards at Major Distribution Centers  Transport from rail to truck instead of truck only will dramatically reduce emissions. Energy Intensity of Freight Modes in 2004 (BTU / ton-mile)

14. Strategies Green Procurements  State & local fleets – buy the most fuel efficient vehicles Consult EPA’s Green Vehicle guide for best in class: http://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/ http://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/  State & local permits, procurement – require clean and fuel efficient technologies Consult EPA’s list of verified emission control technologies: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/verif-list.htm

15. Strategies Offer Financial Incentives  EPA National Clean Diesel Campaign Grants and Loans – see http://www.epa.gov/diesel/http://www.epa.gov/diesel/  Local tax incentives for inter-modal yards  State/Local bond (tax-exempt or taxable)

16. Issues to Consider  Regulation of transportation emissions is Federally preemptive  The increase in remote-start technology on cars may significantly increase car idling emissions.  Anti-idling laws for locomotives may violate ICC law.

17. Additional Information Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation and other Mobile Sources http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ emissions/usinventoryreport.html

18. For More Information www.epa.gov/smartway SmartWay Hotline: 734-214-4767 Bubbosh.Paul@epa.gov