1 Mrs. Kawther Aldosari

 Writing beautiful prose and poetry is a talent. Writing effectively, however, is a skill that can be learned.  Writing is the primary basis upon which your work, your learning, and your intellect will be judged—in college, in the workplace, and in the community.  Writing expresses who you are as a person.  Writing skills are essential for achieving career and business goals.  It is an important medium of communication. 2

The main aim behind taking this course is to be able to write well-developed paragraphs. To develop a paragraph, one must follow some stages of the writing process. 3

Prewriting = precooking Drafting = cooking Revising = Almost ready 4

brainstormingFree writing WH questionsclustering 5

 A paragraph is a group of sentences that develops one main idea.  A topic is the subject of the paragraph; it is what the paragraph is about.  The topic of a paragraph is usually introduced in a sentence; it is called the topic sentence. 6

 Narration  Exposition  Definition  Classification  Description  Process Analysis  Persuasion 7

unity Narration Narration paragraphs are most frequently used in fiction and personal statements. As such, they will contain all necessary components of action development: protagonist, setting, goal, obstacle, climax and resolution. Writing a narration paragraph requires, consequently, accounting for sequential order of events and chronology. 8

Exposition Often times, this kind of a paragraph is used as a component of other types of writing. It’s written in order to clarify or explain problems and phenomena. Writing exposition paragraphs requires strict focus on evidence and objective language. It can contain elements of comparison and contrast, or cause and effect writing as both facilitate accurate exposition of the subject-matter. 9

Definition Definition paragraphs are used in order to explain the meaning, origin and function of things. They are used both in academic writing and fiction. To write a definition paragraph, writers should concentrate on the role of its subject in the context of the essay and account for evidence as well as examples accordingly. 10

classification Writing classification paragraphs requires a more varied approach. It should be concentrated on defining as well as making relevant comparisons. In other words, writers should classify the subject of the paragraph in a specific context providing comparisons to corresponding ideas. Classification can be performed on multiple levels – semantic (comparing different meanings of things), linguistic (using vocabulary to show contrast), and more. 11

Description Preferably, description paragraphs should concentrate on action (verbs), rather than sensations or impressions (adverbs and adjectives), which ensures that the tone remains objective and authoritative. Description paragraphs should be detailed, clear, and render the represented reality chronologically. 12

Process Analysis It, usually, takes the form of a how-to paragraph which guides readers through a process or action to be performed. It’s very concise and uses formal, non-descriptive vocabulary. It should be written in chronological order accounting for subsequent actions or events. 13

Persuasion Persuasion paragraphs require exhortatory and dynamic language. They are aimed at persuading the reader into taking a particular action or adopting a certain point of view. They should be devoid of descriptive content and rely on the imperative mode instead. 14

 Structure of simple, compound and complex sentences;  Fragments;  Comma splices and run-ons;  Capitalization and punctuation rules;  Adverbs of place, adverbials of time and sequence, adverbial clauses;  Passive vs. Active voice;  Verb tenses. 15

Paragraph main idea coherenceunity 16

unity Means that all the sentences refer to the main idea, or the topic of the paragraph. I live in a flat with my family. We have two bedrooms and a living room. We have a garden and we have some flowers there. In weekdays I arrive home at five o'clock and I have lunch. Then I do my homework and go to bed. I had a computer but now it doesn't work. I have a brother and a sister and I think I am very lucky to live with them. Sometimes our relatives visit us. Our flat becomes very crowded sometimes but I like it. Example 17

I live in a flat with my family. We have two bedrooms and a living room. We have a garden and we have some flowers there. In weekdays I arrive home at five o'clock and I have lunch. Then I do my homework and go to bed. I had a computer but now it doesn't work. I have a brother and a sister and I think I am very lucky to live with them. Sometimes our relatives visit us. Our flat becomes very crowded sometimes but I like it. 18

coherence Means that the sentences should be organized in a logical manner and should follow a definite plan of development. Example I live in a house in Izmit. It isn't old or modern. It's a normal Turkish house. We can say it is near the sea. It takes about 10 minutes to go to the sea side on foot. We have one bedroom, one living room. We also have two other rooms, too. We use them as a dining room. Naturally, we have a kitchen, a bathroom, and a toilet. I live with my parents. And our house has a little garden; my parents spend their time there to grow vegetables and fruit. 19

Order of ideas ● Where the house is ● Type of house ● Location of house ● Rooms in the house ● The fact that he lives with his parents ● The garden ● The paragraph is well organizes until he says that he lives with his parents. It looks like this idea interrupted his description of the house. It should be put somewhere else in the paragraph. 20

I live in a house in Izmit. It isn't old or modern. It's a normal Turkish house. We can say it is near the sea. It takes about 10 minutes to go to the sea side on foot. We have one bedroom, one living room. We also have two other rooms, too. We use them as a dining room. Naturally, we have a kitchen, a bathroom, and a toilet. I live with my parents. And our house has a little garden; my parents spend their time there to grow vegetables and fruit. 21

My parents and I live in a house in Izmit. It isn't old or modern; it is a normal Turkish house. It is near the sea; it takes about ten minutes to go to the seaside. In the house, there are two bedrooms, one living room and two other rooms that we use as dining rooms. Naturally, we have a kitchen, a bathroom, a toilet, and a little garden. My parents spend their time growing vegetables and fruit there. 22

 Academic file  Quizzes  Mid-term exams  Class Work and Home Assignments  Final exam 23

reading Read about the assigned topic planning Prewriting techniques Focusing on and restricting the topic writing drafting Revising and editing 24

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