Ms. Carmelitano

 Consciousness: our awareness of ourselves and our environment  Includes:  Mental Processes  Thoughts  Feelings  Perceptions  Consciousness is selective and unique to each person.

 The unconscious mind processes information simultaneously on multiple tracks, which the conscious mind processes information sequentially

 Conscious  Information about yourself and the environment that you are aware of  Nonconscious  Body processes controlled by the mind that we are not aware of (blood flow)  Preconscious  Information about yourself or your environment that you aren't thinking about, but could be (Feelings/ memories)  Subconscious  Information which we aren't consciously aware  Must exist due to behavior (Fear)  Unconscious  Events/feelings that are unacceptable to the conscious mind and are repressed

 Evidence that we hold memories in our conscious and unconscious mind  Mere exposure We prefer stimuli that we have seen before over novel stimuli, even if we don’t remember seeing it  Priming Participants respond more quickly/ accurately to questions they’ve seen before, even they don’t remember it  Blind Sight When one level of consciousness isn't getting visual information, behavior demonstrates that another level can see Ie: When someone who is blind has extremely good hearing

 Sleep  Dreaming  Mediation and Hypnosis  Drugs

 We spend 8 hours/day, 56 hours/week, 224 hours/month, 2,688 hours/year sleeping (1/3 of our lives)  Sleep is a state of unconsciousness  We are less aware of our surroundings  Sleep helps to restore the brain and muscle tissue (restorative) You require more sleep when you study or work because of protein synthesis  Sleep helps us restore and rebuild our memories from the day If you study and then sleep, test scores improve  Sleep plays a role in the growth process The pituitary gland produces the growth hormone

 Circadian Rhythm:  Daily patterns of change in blood pressure, body temperature, pulse, blood-sugar, hormonal levels, activity levels, etc over a 24 hour period (in humans) Animals also have a circadian rhythm

 Hypnagogic Sleep  A very relaxed and drowsy state before entering sleep  REM  Rapid Eye Movement Sleep  When dreaming occurs  Brain is as active as when awake  Non-REM  Where you spend 80% of your sleep time  First 4 stages of sleep

11  This is the lightest stage of sleep.  This is the transition from wakefulness to sleep.  Lasts about 1-7 minutes.  You spend about 4-5% of your time in this stage each night  You experience drifting thoughts and images.  Brain waves are relatively normal

12  Marks the beginning of what we know of as “sleep.”  You spend 45-55% of your time each night in this sleep stage  You have high activity bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles. (K Complexes)  In this stage your Heart rate, Muscle tension, Respiration, and Body temperature all decrease.  It also becomes more difficult for you to become awakened.  Your brain waves begin to spread out

13  About minutes after drifting off to sleep you pass through stage 3 (4-6% of your time each night) and enter stage 4 sleep.  You spend 12-15% of your time each night in this sleep stage  Stage 4 sleep – also called delta sleep  Growth hormone is secreted here  Deepest sleep stage  Very difficult to be awakened from.  Your brain waves are very spread out and active during stage 4

14  This makes up the remaining 20-25% of your sleep time.  REM – Rapid Eye Movement  Your eyes move rapidly back and forth behind closed lids.  During REM, your body is physiologically very aroused, but all of your voluntary muscles are paralyzed.  REM sleep is highly associated with dreaming.  Nightmares are most common here

15  You pass into REM sleep about 5-6 times throughout the night.  These periods are usually minutes apart.  You remain in each period of REM sleep for minutes and then pass back into non-REM sleep.

 Teenagers average less than 7 hours of sleep a night  4.5% American teens wish they could get more sleep  Sleep Deprivation  1. Suppresses immune cells  2. Alter metabolism and hormonal function to mimic and older person  3. Make us irritable, slow on performance, slow on concentration

 1. How does sleep deprivation affect your life?  2. How do you combat sleep deprivation?  3. Do you think you’ll get better in college?  4. How much more efficient do you think you’d be with more sleep?

 Insomnia: 17 million adults have insomnia  Refers to difficulties in either going to sleep or staying asleep throughout the night Some of the side effects of insomnia are fatigue, lack of concentration, and memory problems.  Causes – Stress, death of loved one, other mental health problems.  Other causes – change in sleep patterns, working out too much (or too little), drug or alcohol use. You all know how hard it is to get to sleep on time the night before the first day of school. (change in sleep pattern)

 Narcolepsy  Narcolepsy – Chronic disorder that is marked by excessive sleepiness and sleep attacks.  The sleep attacks are accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep, and by muscle paralysis. (cataplexy)  They can fall asleep at any time.  The best treatment for narcolepsy are amphetamines – Keep them awake.

 Sleep Apnea  Sleep Apnea – Repeated periods during sleep when people stop breathing.  The problem is that when they stop breathing, they will then wake up, which can happen dozens of times in a night.  This leads to poor levels of sleep.  20 million adults suffer from sleep apnea. Old Treatment - They also sew tennis balls on the backs of their pajama tops - uncomfortable to sleep on their back (which increases the chance of sleep apnea) Now: Breathing Machine

 REM Behavior Disorder  REM Behavior Disorder – Voluntary muscles are not paralyzed, and sleepers can (and do) act out their dreams.  Usually occurs in older people.

 Night Terrors  About 7% of all children experience Night Terrors.  Night Terrors – Frightening experiences that often start with a scream, followed by waking in a fearful state.  The next morning child has no memory of the experience.  These are most common between children aged 4-12.

 Nightmares:  25% of all children aged 3-6 have nightmares.  Nightmares – Occur during REM sleep. Person has frightening images and thoughts.  When awake, they can usually describe them very vividly.  It may be difficult for them to go back to sleep.  An effective treatment for Nightmares are the use of anxiety-reducing relaxation.

 Sleep Walking (Somnambulism)  This is one of the more unusual sleep disturbances.  Sleepwalking – Person will get up and walk while sound asleep.  They will have poor coordination, but can avoid objects and can even talk.  Occasional sleep walking is normal in children. (anxiety)  For adults, it may be caused by increased stress or mental problems.  May also be brought upon by alcohol or drug use  Issues – Personal injury and harm to others. (walking out of the house and onto the street)

 Sleep Talking  Actually very common  Can occur at any stage of sleep  These tend to bring on symptoms:  certain medications  emotional stress  fever  mental health disorder  substance abuse

 Freud: Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious  Manifest Content – the remembered story of a dream  Latent Content – the underlying meaning of the dream

 Wish fulfilment  Information Processing  Psychological functioning  Activation synthesis  Cognitive Development