Transport of gases. Regulation of respiration

Role of Pulmonary Surfactant Surfactant decreases surface tension which: 1)increases pulmonary compliance (reducing the effort needed to expand the lungs) 2)reduces tendency for alveoli to collapse

Changes in the Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve at Rest

Carbon Dioxide Transport and Chloride Movement in Tissues

Carbon Dioxide Transport and Chloride Movement in Lungs

Respiratory Structures in the Brainstem Video

Video

Location of the carotid and aortic bodies Location of the carotid and aortic bodies. Note that each carotid body is quite close to a carotid sinus, the major arterial baroreceptor. Both right and left common carotid bifurcations contain a carotid sinus and a carotid body.

Pathways by which increased arterial PCO2 stimulates ventilation. Note that the peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by an increase in H concentration, whereas they are also stimulated by a decrease in PO2.

Summary of factors that stimulate ventilation during exercise

Ventilation changes during exercise Ventilation changes during exercise. Note (1) the abrupt increase at the onset of exercise and (2) the equally abrupt but larger decrease at the end of exercise.