Statistical data on women entrepreneurs in Europe Jacqueline Snijders 11 October 2014

Aim of Study The study objective was to collect, analyse, and systematically present the most recent data on women entrepreneurs in Europe-37. EU-28 + Liechtenstein, Iceland, Norway, Albania, Montenegro, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Serbia, Israel, Turkey Activities involved: This report is accompanied by 37 country fiches, each in the same format to provide a systematic and structured overview of data on women entrepreneurs. Data retrieved from comparable international databases such as (e.g. Eurostat) and data from national sources if available The report contains estimates where data was unavailable while the fiches do not contain any estimates. Introduction

Desk research: identification and analysis of relevant databases Identification of data available at national statistical offices by national correspondents Data retrieval and estimations of missing values for main report Preparation of country fiches and report Verification of country fiches by national correspondents Country fiches to WES members Finalisation report and country fiches Research steps taken:

Entrepreneur: persons aged 15 years and older who work in their own business, farm or professional practice to make a profit, and spend time on the operation of a business, or are in the process of setting up a business. These entrepreneurs consider the running of their enterprises to be their main activity. In 2012 Europe-37: 40.6 million entrepreneurs in Europe-37 29% women entrepreneurs (11.6 million) In 2008: 30%  Decline of 1% between 2008 and 2012 in Europe-37 In 2012 EU-28: 31% women entrepreneurs in EU-28 (10.3 million) In 2008: 28%  Increase of 3% between 2008 and 2012 in EU-28 Proportion of women entrepreneurs

Countries with highest proportions of women entrepreneurs

Countries with lowest proportions of women entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurship rate: the percentage of entrepreneurs in the active labour force Good indicator entrepreneurial activity between men and women across countries Between 2003 and 2012: entrepreneurship rate for women increased slightly: 10% to 10.4% Entrepreneurship rate varies across Europe-37 and EU-28 Entrepreneurship rate WomenMenWomenMen EU-2810%19%10%19% Europe-3710%20%10%20%

Countries with highest entrepreneurship rates for women

Countries with lowest entrepreneurship rates for women

Europe-37, 2012Solo Entrepreneurs Employers Women78%22% Men81%29% Solo entrepreneurs and Employers: Definitions Solo entrepreneurs: persons who operate their own economic enterprise, or engage independently in a profession or trade. They do not hire employees nor are family workers or volunteers active in their enterprise. Solo entrepreneurs are also known as own account workers. Employer: persons who operate their own economic enterprise, or engage independently in a profession or trade. They employ one or more persons and/or family workers.

Solo entrepreneurs and Employers: Development EU women employers3%2% men employers7%6% women solo entrepreneurs7%8% men solo entrepreneurs12% 13% Europe women employers3%2% men employers7%6% women solo entrepreneurs8% men solo entrepreneurs14%

Countries with highest proportions of employers

Countries with lowest proportions of employers

Various reasons for entrepreneurs choosing to work part-time in their enterprises: having another job, household responsibilities, need for leisure time, illness or disability, advanced age, and study. Entrepeneurship as main activity: considered being an entrepreneur to be their main employment. 2012: 15% of part-time women entrepreneurs in EU-28 had a second job (34% for men). Entrepreneurship as secondary activity: main job is being an employee (first job) and who run an enterprise as a second activity. 2012: ratio around 9% for women entrepreneurs and 6.9% for men. Compared to 2008, the ratio of women entrepreneurs increased by 0.5% and of men decreased by 0.5%. Part-time entrepreneurs WomenMenWomenMen EU-2829%10%30%12% Europe %10%31%12%

Countries with highest proportions of part- time entrepreneurs

Countries with lowest proportions of part- time entrepreneurs

Weekly working hours On average, women entrepreneurs work 36.4 hours per week in their enterprise and part-time 18.1 hours Most hours: Belgium, Bulgaria and Slovakia Least hours: the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Malta Weekly working hours EU-28, 2012 Full and part-timePart-time Women Men

Women entrepreneurs are more highly represented than men in the sectors: o Human health and social work activities:60% o Other services:59% o Education: 55% Distribution women entrepreneurs across sectors was similar across Europe-37, but varies by country.  Less than half of entrepreneurs active in the education sector were women in: Albania, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Malta, Norway, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden and Turkey  Professional, scientific and technical activities sector: dominated by women entrepreneurs in Bulgaria, Latvia and Slovakia.  The financial and insurance sector: dominated by women entrepreneurs in Hungary and Slovakia. Characteristics: Sectors

Farmers, liberal professional, and freelancers: Special categories of entrepreneurs are farmers, liberal professionals and freelancers. They provide work for themselves and if relevant, their family workers, and/or operate in a regulated environment Form special categories but can have different definitions across countries Farmers, liberal professionals and freelancers

In 2012, there were 5.6 million farmers active in EU-28, of which 30% were women. Most farmers were solo entrepreneurs (93% of women and 88% of men) Farmers Proportion in total number (%) Proportion solo entrepreneurs (%) Proportion in total number of entrepreneurs (%) 2008 Women Men Women Men708817

In 2012, approximately 5.9 million liberal professionals were active in EU-28 of whom 2.5 million were women (43%) Liberal professionals Liberal Professionals Proportion in total number (%) Proportion solo entrepreneurs (%) Proportion in total number of entrepreneurs (%) 2008Women Men Women Men576615

In 2012, around 4.6 million freelancers were active in EU-28, of whom 2.1 million were women (45%). More women than men freelancers were active in Romania, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Finland, Slovakia, Estonia, Portugal and Bulgaria. Freelancers Proportion in total number (%) Proportion solo entrepreneurs (%) Proportion in total number of entrepreneurs (%) 2008 Women Men Women Men

Age distribution In 2012: women entrepreneurs in Europe-37 were on average slightly younger than men entrepreneurs. o Proportions for women entrepreneurs were higher than for men entrepreneurs in the age groups 15–24 years and 25–49 years o Proportions were lower in the age groups years and over 65 years older. Characteristics: Age

In 2012: women entrepreneurs in EU-28 and Europe-37 tended to be better educated than men entrepreneurs. Distribution of women and men entrepreneurs by highest level of education, Europe-37, 2012: Characteristics: Education

On average, the mean net income of women entrepreneurs in EU-28 in 2012 was 6% lower than that of men entrepreneurs. Large variations between countries. In 20 out of 30 countries (EU-28, Iceland, Norway) mean income of women was higher than of men entrepreneurs. Countries with the largest positive income gap for women entrepreneurs were Spain, Norway and Malta. Countries with largest negative income gap for women entrepreneurs were Germany, Lithuania, Denmark, and Poland Characteristic: mean income

In the period , the average annual growth in value added and the proportion of the net operating surplus in value added of the sectors in which women were overrepresented was lower than for the other sectors. This means: differences in performance can be explained partly by differences in the sector distribution of women and men entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs more likely to be active in sectors with somewhat lower performance. Characteristics: performance

Variable 1Variable 2Significance Entrepreneurship rate womenUnemployment rate women++ Social benefits per unemployed (PPP), Percentage of necessity driven start-ups in total women start- ups -- Entrepreneurship rate womenGDP per capita- Entrepreneurship rate womenTrust in people- Entrepreneurship rate women Barriers to access finance: percentage applied for bank loans but rejected 0 Entrepreneurship rate women Allowed to decide how daily work is organised 0 Percentage of women entrepreneurs Gender inequality index Factors influencing entrepreneurship

In 2012: 40.6 million entrepreneurs active in Europe-37, 29% were women (11.6 million). Period : women entrepreneurship rate in Europe-37 and in EU-28, increased slightly from 10% to 10.4%. In 2012: 78% of women entrepreneurs in Europe-37 were solo entrepreneurs and 22% employed personnel (in EU-28, 77% and 23%, respectively). In 2012: 31% of women entrepreneurs in the Europe-37 were working part-time, 30% in EU-28. In 2008 and 2012: higher proportions of women than men entrepreneurs in Europe-37 were active in the sector groups: human health and social work activities, other services, and education. In 2012, women entrepreneurs in Europe-37 were on average slightly younger and better educated than men entrepreneurs. Summary

Questions? Jacqueline Snijders Thank you for your attention!