1 ILO approach on data collection on forced labour and trafficking Deflect Project Expert Conference Oslo, 7 June 2011 Michaëlle De Cock

2 What is forced labour? ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) « All work or service that is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily »

3 Fighting against forced labour Evidence-based policies Law enforcement Research and data collection

4 Background In 2005, first ILO global estimate of forced labour of 12.3 million of victims, out of which 2.4 million victims of trafficking  countries expressed their need for tools to estimate forced labour and trafficking at national level

5 Data collection on forced labour and trafficking Descriptive statistics of administrative data Inferential statistics Qualitative research

6 Challenges when designing a statistical survey on forced labour Ethics Ethics Operational definition Operational definition Type of survey & Sampling (accessibility) Type of survey & Sampling (accessibility) Questionnaires Questionnaires Analysis Analysis Training Training

7 Operational definitions for the quantitative surveys FORCED LABOUR = (Involuntary Recruitment AND Coercion) OR (Work and life under pressure AND Coercion) OR (Impossibility to leave AND Coercion) If Forced labour takes place as a result of migration with the intervention of a third party for the recruitment, transfer, travel or the job placement, then the worker is victim of trafficking for forced labour

8 Identification of forced labour (for research purposes) Involuntary recruitment Tradition, birth in a bonded family Debt bondage Employer’s pressure/cultural practices Deceptive recruitment Work and life under pressure Dependency Limited freedom Forced work Impossibility to leave employer Coercion/Penalty Tradition, birth in a bonded family Threats, violence Retention of wages and promises for future benefits Isolation, locked, imprisonment Threats on family/link with debt Threats of deportation/denunciation Abuse of lack of alternatives + With at least one strong indicator

9 Indicators of involuntariness Involuntary recruitment Strong indicators  Tradition, birth (Birth/descent into « slave » or bonded status)  Coercive recruitment (abduction, confinement during the recruitment place)  Confiscation of documents  Debt bondage, sale of the worker  Deceptive recruitment about the nature of the job Medium indicators  Deceptive recruitment (conditions of work, content or legality of employment contract, housing and living conditions, legal documentation or obtaining legal migration status, job location or employer, wages/earnings)  Deceptive recruitment through promises of marriage

10 Survey and sample design Selecting the type of survey (household, establishment, street, etc.) Organizing the survey operations Independent survey Linked survey Sample design Stratification and over sampling of certain strata Screening and sub-sampling of target units Capture-recapture sampling Snow-ball sampling Adaptive cluster sampling Network sampling

11 Questionnaire design No direct question on trafficking or forced labour Each indicator is assessed separately, by one or several questions Questions are spread in various parts of the questionnaire

12 Analysis of the results Estimates of forced labour and trafficking for FL (disaggregation by sex, age group,etc) Socio-economic profiles (comparative) Forced labour characteristics (mechanisms of recruitment, means of coercion, work imposed, …) Working conditions (comparative with other workers) Determinants of forced labour  identification of people at risk  design policies and action programmes

13 Conclusion Need for consistency between qualitative and quantitative research Need for sustainable and replicable data collection tools Need for consistency between research, administrative data and law enforcement Indicators can be used for training purpose