ECE FYP BRIEFING : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY SEMESTER II, 2015/2016 Prepared By Dr Nurul Fadzlin Hasbullah 4 th March 2016

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FYP1 FYP1 ABSTRACT FYP1 INTRODUCTION FYP1 LITERATURE REVIEW FYP1 METHODOLOGY FYP1 PRELIMINARY DATA -optional FYP1 STATEMENT OF LIMITATIONS FYP1 CONCLUSION

FYP 2 ABSTRACT FYP2 INTRODUCTION FYP2 LITERATURE REVIEW FYP2 METHODOLOGY FYP2 RESULT FYP2 STATEMENT OF LIMITATIONS FYP2 CONCLUSION

Abstract  A good summary of your project  What are your findings?  Example: Currently, the cell-based biosensors have to be connected to an expensive impedance analyzer in order to obtain the measurement values. In addition, the impedance analyzer is bulky and not easily portable. Therefore, in this work, a low frequency impedance analyzer is designed by generating a low frequency AC signal that is sent to the sensor in order to measure the impedance of a cell. The prototype design is able to detect the presence of water and a cell media. It consists of a biosensor which requires a low frequency AC input signal and the impedance data of the water and cell media is to be measured and displayed using an Arduino system. REFERENCE: Arduino-Based AC Input Signal Generator Circuit for Biosensor Impedance Measurement,

INTRODUCTION -chapter WHAT HOWWHY Intro to the thesis / project report

 Example of keyword for Objectives  To investigate..  To analyze..  To design..  To validate..  To simulate..

LITERATURE REVIEW- chapter Literature on TopicTheory Methods Journal papers Textbooks Discuss the literature and JUSTIFY your project FYP 1 Do not forget to reference the literature properly

Introduction to the literature review [1] The introduction must clearly highlight WHAT you will cover in this review. This is particularly important in a large topic area. In this example, the focus is on self-motivation

Linking Multiple sources [1] Look at the first sentence. The keyword is MOTIVATION which associate with the problem statement highlighted in the first slide. As you can observed, there is a comparison (keyword: similarly, however, supported) between references.

Again more comparison (keyword: supported) But, you can also see that now, you can add your own opinion which is based on your objectives/problem statement.

Poor Literature Review [1] This shows no critical thinking, no link between sources and no evaluation

Keywords [1] Suggest (that)Recent studies outlined by Leonard et al (1999) suggest that personality and disposition play an equally important role in motivation. Argue (that)Leonard et al (1999) argue that there are three elements of self perception. Contend(s)Mullens (1994) contends that motivation to work well is usually related to job satisfaction. OutlineRecent studies outlined by Mullins (1994) suggest that personality and disposition play an equally important role in motivation. Focus onThe early theories of Maslow and McGregor (Robbins et al, 1998) focused on personal needs and wants as the basis for motivation. Define(s)Eunson (1987, p. 67) defines motivation as 'what is important to you'. Conclude(s) (that)Reviewing the results of the case study, Taylor (1980) concludes that the theories of job enrichment and employee motivation do work. StateHe further states that there is an increasing importance on the role of autonomy and self regulation of tasks in increasing motivation. Maintains (that)Mullins (1994) maintains that job enrichment came from Herzber's two factor theory. Found (that)Mullins (1994) found that there is an increasing importance on the role of autonomy and self regulation of tasks in improving motivation. Promote(s)This promotes the idea that tension and stress are important external sources of motivation, which can be eliminated by completing certain tasks. Establish(ed) (by)As established by Csikszentmihalyi (Yair 2000, p. 2) 'the more students feel in command of their learning, the more they fulfil their learning potential'. Asserts (that)Locke's Goal Setting Theory asserts that setting specific goals tends to encourage work motivation (Robbins et al, 1998). Show(s)Various theories of motivation show employers that there are many factors that influence employees work performance. Claim(s) (that)Hackman and Oldham (1975) claim that people with enriched jobs, and high scores on the Job Diagnostic Survey, experienced more satisfaction and motivation. Report(s)Mullins (1994) reports on four content theories of motivation. Mention(s)Mullins (1994) mentions two common general criticisms of Herzberg's theory. AddressRedesigning jobs so that responsibility moved from supervisors to the workers, was an attempt to address the issues of job satisfaction (Mullins, 1994).

Paraphrasing convey the information from the original source in your paper by rephrasing it in your own words – the new form must still reflects the original text accurately. But remember: You still have to cite the reference. 1.Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. 2.Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. 3.Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase. 4.Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. 5.Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. 6.Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper. 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing [2]

Example (Short Sentences) ORIGINAL: The task of the engineer is to produce the correct product at the correct cost at the correct time. (Fox,1977) PARAPHRASE: Fox (1977) states that engineers need to come up with the right products at the right time and at a reasonable price ORIGINAL: If a product misses its window of opportunity, the manufacturer can lose up to 33% of the life cycle profits. (taken from page 45) PARAPHRASE: Fox (1977) claims that 33% of profits can be lost if a product is not marketed correctly. ORIGINAL: Lost sales are never made up as changes in the market place and in competitors’ equipment mean that any product has a finite life (taken from page 48). PARAPHRASE: One expert points out that products only have a limited life due to market changes and competition. As a result lost sales cannot be regained (Fox, 1977).

Example (Long Sentence) ORIGINAL: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. (Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976)) PARAPHRASING: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 1976)

[1] tasks/assess_tuts/lit_review_LL/writing.html [2] [3] phrasing.php

 At the end of your literature review chapter, you can produce a ‘Table of Summary’ that shows the comparison for each previous research done by other people  For example:  Hence by referring to the table, you can make decisions on your methodology. What software to use? Why you choose that software? And so on ReferenceMethodAdvantageDisadvantage SoftwareHardware Fox et al [1] Chen et al [2] Rahman et al [3]

METHODOLOGY - chapter Step 1 explain Step 2 explain Step 3 explain Including : cost (if applicable) Details of equipment Selection Process etc Flowchart Block Diagram

FYP1 : Preliminary Data – result chapter Optional, but best to show some results…. With some discussion of course…

FYP2 : RESULT chapter Your results ! With discussion of course… FYP 2

Statement of limitations  This you may state in the conclusion chapter  What are the possible limitations that you can think for your project ?  Gantt Chart Example : The research is only valid at room temperature and not temperature above 50 degrees Celcius

CONCLUSION - chapter  What are your contributions ? - What - How - Why

INTEGRITY….AMANAH FYP is an amanah given to you….. Do the best you can… And be honest with the amanah… Even when it seems difficult….

Any question ?