presented by Craig Woleader IM Solutions, Schaumburg, IL May 7, 2013

Bluesmobile = Former Cop Car

Taxi cab = Former Cop Car

 MassDEP performs off-cycle OBD inspections ◦ Not an official inspection  Coordinated with local law enforcement taxi inspections  RMV (if available) perform off-cycle safety inspections  Fleets inspected in cities of Boston, Worcester, Lawrence, and Lynn ◦ Over 6,800 taxi inspections since 2008

 High mileage accumulation  Extended idling  Exacerbate urban air quality problems  Prevent IM inspection fraud ◦ Easy for fleets to clean scan when they own many of the same year, make and model vehicles

 Early On (2008 – 2010) ◦ Visual MIL bulb checks to pre-screen vehicles  MIL operable and off, waved through  Inoperable MIL or MIL-on would get an OBD scan with a hand-held tool ◦ Results documented on paper  Pros  Portable, quick, little planning required  Cons  Paperwork, incomplete OBD data  Results disconnected from vehicle’s VID test history  Cabbies adjusted quickly and began clearing codes

 Starting in 2010 ◦ Mobile inspection workstation  Same equipment used by inspection stations and mobile fleet inspectors, wireless connection to VID ◦ All taxis get a “Diagnostic” OBD Inspection  Same as regular inspection: vehicle data entered, OBD system scanned, but no sticker printed  Results stored on VID with regular inspections  Inspection becomes part of “test history” for the vehicle ◦ Taxis that fail Diagnostic test are “MAC flagged”  Next regular inspection is directed to a Motorist Assistance Center to ensure proper repairs

 Approximately 1,800 taxi cabs  Spring and Fall inspections by Boston Police Hackney Unit.  Strict requirements for vehicles ◦ List of approved vehicles ◦ Fleet-owned cabs must be retired after 5 years, independently-owned after 6 years.  Avg. vehicle age = 3 years old, avg. odometer = 163k miles ◦ 2009 Hybrid initiative  Goal - Fleet 100% hybrid by 2015  Nearly all Crown Vics => Camry Hybrids ◦ Strict Appearance requirements  OBD Inspection method ◦ Fall 2008 – Spring 2010: Visual MIL checks, OBD scan with hand-held tool if MIL-on or MIL inoperable, readiness not checked ◦ Fall 2010 – present: IM Program workstation and Diagnostic OBD inspection

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Start Date/Time of Inspection 11/24/ :18 AM 11/25/ :19 AM 12/10/2010 3:29 PM1/20/ :24 AM 10/12/ :32 AM 10/27/ :59 AM 10/6/ :57 AM 10/10/ :38 AM License Plate Number59SY28 TA27953 License Plate TypePAN TAN Odometer Reading100,944101,039155,116162,616217,000220,550287,888288,000 Station IDPB PB PB009803PB004559PB004574PB Station DBA Name CENTRAL DODGE OF RAYNHAM NEW ENGLAND AUTO SALES RMV 1 NEW ENGLAND AUTO SALES SALAS AUTO REPAIR RMV 1 Inspection TypeRRRRDRRD Inspection Counter Number Overall Inspection ResultFPFPPPPP Overall Safety ResultPPPPPPPP Overall Emission ResultFPFPPPPP Sticker ID Previous Sticker ID Tampering CheckPPPPPPPP DLC ResultPPPPPPPP OBD CommunicationPPPPPPPP PID 1C Response PIN 16 Volts RPM MIL CommandedPPPPPPPP Overall Readiness IndicatorFPFPPPPP OBD ProtocolVVVVVVVV OBD VIN 1D4GP24R05B D4GP24R25B Readiness Result MisfireRRRRRRRR Readiness Result Fuel ControlRRRRRRRR Readiness Result ComprehensiveRRRRRRRR Readiness Result CatalystNRNRRRRR Readiness Result HTD CatalystUUUUUUUU Readiness Result Evap Control SystemNRNRNNRR Readiness Result Secondary AirUUUUUUUU Readiness Result Secondary ACUUUUUUUU Readiness Result Oxygen SensorNRNRRRRR Readiness Result HeaterRRNRRRRR Readiness Result EGR ValveNRNRRRRR PCM ID 110 PCM ID 218 PID Count 118 PID Count

 Approximately 140 taxi/livery  Inspected by Worcester Police 4 days every June  RMV performs full safety inspection ◦ Unsafe vehicle – sticker scraped, medallion removed, vehicle towed!  Unlike Boston, no specific vehicle requirements ◦ Avg. vehicle age =8 years old, avg. odometer = 175k miles ◦ Taxis – mostly Chevy Impala and Malibu ◦ Livery – large passenger van and Lincoln Town Car  OBD Inspection method ◦ IM Program workstation and Diagnostic OBD inspection ◦ Flag all failing vehicles for “targeted” inspection at Motorist Assistance Center

101

 Approximately 160 taxi/livery  Inspected by Lawrence Police 2 days every October  RMV performs full safety inspection ◦ Unsafe vehicle – sticker scraped, medallion removed, vehicle towed!  No specific vehicle requirements ◦ Avg. vehicle age = 8 years old, avg. odometer =199k miles ◦ Taxis – mostly Chrysler Mini-Van, some Crown Vic ◦ Livery – mostly Chrysler Mini-Van  OBD Inspection method ◦ IM Program workstation and Diagnostic OBD inspection ◦ Flag all failing vehicles for “targeted” inspection at Motorist Assistance Center

150 tested

 Approximately 60 taxi/livery vehicles  Inspected by Lynn Police 1 to 2 days per Summer  RMV performs full safety inspection ◦ Unsafe vehicle – sticker scraped, medallion removed, vehicle towed!  No specific vehicle requirements ◦ Avg. vehicle age = 10 years old, avg. odometer =156k miles ◦ Taxis – mostly Crown Vic, some Chrysler Mini-Van ◦ Livery – mostly Chrysler Mini-Van, some large passenger van  OBD Inspection method ◦ July 2010: Visual MIL checks, OBD scan with hand-held tool if MIL-on or MIL inoperable, readiness not checked ◦ June 2012: IM Program workstation and Diagnostic OBD inspection  Flag all failing vehicles for “targeted” inspection at Motorist Assistance Center

46 tested 60 tested

DTCDefinitionBOSTONWORCESTERLAWRENCELYNN P0420 Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)20%19%9%13% P0430 Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 2)12%3%4%10% P2195 FORD – Front HO2S-Lack of Switching, Sensor Indicates Lean3% 2% P0171System too Lean (Bank 1)3% 6%2% P0300 Random/Multiple Cylinder Misfire Detected2%5%4% P0443 EVAP System Purge Control Valve Circuit Malfunction2% P0442EVAP Leak Detected (small leak)2%8%1% P0174System too Lean (Bank 2)2% 4%2% P0401EGR Flow Insufficient Detected2% 5% P2106 FORD - Throttle Actuator Control System - Forced Limited Power2%

 More fleets!  More analyses ◦ How do the off-cycle tests fit in with the annual inspections? ◦ High mileage hybrids, how are they holding up?  Remote OBD pilot test on a taxi fleet? ◦ Some cabs already “highjacking” the OBD port for their fare meter.

 John Flemmi, field inspections  Marc Bennett, field inspections and database help  Laura Merrill, database help  IM Solutions Scholarship – for getting me here!