U.S. Renewable Energy and Nuclear Power Developments in the Renewable and Nuclear Energy Sector May 4, 2016 Producer: Ben Booker Edited by: Katharine Conlon Director: Afzal Bari

Renewable Energy Encompasses a Diverse Set of Resources U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: Renewable Energy World, “Types of Renewable Energy,” May 2, 2016; Nuclear Energy Institute, “FAQs About Nuclear Energy,” May 2, 2016 Renewable Energy Sources Description Biomass/biofuelsAny biological material like plants, woodchips, animal or food waste that is converted into energy The most common form of biomass is corn that is converted into ethanol GeothermalEnergy derived from subterranean heat sources, usually volcanic or from hot springs A major example of this is geothermal energy used on the Hawaiian islands from volcanic activity Hydrogen FuelHydrogen gas that is mixed with oxygen to either push a turbine to generate electricity or to put into fuel cells to run a vehicle battery HydropowerUsing the energy present in moving water to move a turbine to generate electricity Most of the time, hydropower is generated using dams like the Hoover Dam Nuclear PowerPower generated from nuclear fission, the division of atomic molecules through a nuclear reaction Technically not a renewable since it is generated from uranium or plutonium, which are finite resources Solar PowerGenerated from capturing sunlight onto photovoltaic cells Alternatively, using sunlight to generate heat and create energy Wind PowerUsing wind to turn a turbine to generate electricity Types of Renewable Energy (Plus Nuclear) 1

Solar and Wind Have Been Some of the Largest Contributors to New Electricity Generations May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: GTM Research and Solar Industries Association, “Solar Market Insights Q4,” March U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY ■ Natural Gas ■ Solar ■ Wind ■ Coal ■ Other New U.S. Electricity Generation by Source 2

Solar Energy Has Three Main Types of Forms, But Photovoltaic Cells are the Most Common May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: Solar Energy Industries Association, “Solar Energy,” March 28, 2016; Silvio Rebelo, “Heliothermic,” Noun Project; Stephanie Wauters, “ Radiator,” April 10, U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Types of Solar Energy Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic cells are made of semiconducting material Sunlight hits these cells and excites electrons Electrons move through the cell and create electricity Solar Heating and Cooling Uses the thermal energy from the sun for heating or even to power cooling systems like air conditioning Concentrated Solar Power Uses mirrors to concentrate sunlight Concentrated sunlight heats up steam or other material to turn electric turbines 3

Solar Energy Consumption Has Exponentially Grown In the Past Six Years May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Total Energy Production,” March 10, U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Solar Energy Consumption in Trillion of British Thermal Units 4

Solar Electricity Generation Has Followed the Same Exponential Trend May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Electric Power Monthly,” February U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Net Generation of Electricity from Solar Measured in Thousand Megawatt Hours 5

Sunny Southwest Has the Largest Concentration of Solar Capacity May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: Solar Energy Industries Association, “Top Ten Solar Producing States,” March U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY States with the Most Solar Capacity Installed OH WV VA PA NY ME NC SC GA TN KY IN MI WI MN IL LA TX OK ID NV OR WA CA AZ NM CO WY MT ND SD IA UT FL AR MO MS AL NE KS AK Top Solar Producing States (Ranked from Highest to Lowest) 1.) California 2.) Arizona 3.) North Carolina 4.) New Jersey 5.) Nevada 6.) Massachusetts 7.) New York 8.) Hawaii 9.) Colorado 10.) Texas 6

Wind Energy Consumption Has Grown Even Faster than Solar May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Total Energy Production,” March 10, U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Wind Energy Consumption in Trillion of British Thermal Units 7

Wind Has Been the Fastest Growing Source for New Electricity Generation May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Electric Power Monthly,” February U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Net Generation of Electricity from Wind Measured in Thousand Megawatt Hours 8

The West Coast and the Wind Corridor in the Midwest are the Largest Wind Producers in the Country May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: Associated Press, “Top and Bottom Wind Energy-Producing Producing States in the US,” July 12, U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY States with the Most Wind Production as Measured in Megawatts OH WV VA PA NY ME NC SC GA TN KY IN MI WI MN IL LA TX OK ID NV OR WA CA AZ NM CO WY MT ND SD IA UT FL AR MO MS AL NE KS AK Top Wind Producing States (Ranked from Highest to Lowest) 1.) Texas 2.) California 3.) Iowa 4.) Oklahoma 5.) Illinois 6.) Oregon 7.) Washington 8.) Minnesota 9.) Kansas 10.) Colorado 9

Hydropower Remains a Larger, But Not Growing, Source of Renewable Power than Solar and Wind May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Total Energy Production,” March 10, U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Hydropower Energy Consumption in Trillion of British Thermal Units 10

Hydropower Electric Generation Hovers Around 250, ,000 Thousand Megawatt Hours May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Electric Power Monthly,” February U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Net Generation of Electricity from Hydropower Measured in Thousand Megawatt Hours 11

The West Coast Has the Largest Concentration of Hydropower in the U.S. May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: National Hydropower Association, “Hydropower Benefits Every U.S. State” April 213, U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY States with the Most Hydropower Energy Generation as Measured in Megawatts OH WV VA PA NY ME NC SC GA TN KY IN MI WI MN IL LA TX OK ID NV OR WA CA AZ NM CO WY MT ND SD IA UT FL AR MO MS AL NE KS AK Top Hydropower Producing States (Ranked from Highest to Lowest) 1.)Washington 2.) Oregon 3.) New York 4.) California 5.) Alabama 6.) Tennessee 7.) Montana 8.) Idaho 9.) North Carolina 10.) Arizona 12

Nuclear Energy Is the Largest Clean Energy Source May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Total Energy Production,” March 10, U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Nuclear Energy Production in Trillion of British Thermal Units 13

Nuclear Has Been a Consistent Source of Clean Energy May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Electric Power Monthly,” February U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Net Generation of Electricity from Nuclear Measured in Thousand Megawatt Hours 14

Although Illinois is the Largest Producer, Nuclear Energy Remains Highly Concentrated on the East Coast May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “State Nuclear Profiles,” April 26, U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY States with the Most Nuclear Energy Generation as Measured in Megawatts OH WV VA PA NY ME NC SC GA TN KY IN MI WI MN IL LA TX OK ID NV OR WA CA AZ NM CO WY MT ND SD IA UT FL AR MO MS AL NE KS AK Top Nuclear Energy Producing States (Ranked from Highest to Lowest) 1.) Illinois 2.) Pennsylvania 3.) South Carolina 4.) New York 5.) Texas 6.) North Carolina 7.) Alabama 8.) Georgia 9.) New Jersey 10.) California 15

Geothermal Has Increased Slightly Over the Past Fifteen Years, But Remains Smaller than Other Sources May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Total Energy Production,” March 10, U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Geothermal Energy Production in Trillion of British Thermal Units 16

After a Initial Jump, Geothermal Electricity Generation Has Remained Steady For Past Fifteen Years May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Electric Power Monthly,” February U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Net Generation of Electricity from Geothermal Measured in Thousand Megawatt Hours 17

Geothermal Energy Production is Concentrated in Western United States May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Geothermal Explained,” April 27, U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY States with the Most Geothermal Generation as Measured in Megawatts OH WV VA PA NY ME NC SC GA TN KY IN MI WI MN IL LA TX OK ID NV OR WA CA AZ NM CO WY MT ND SD IA UT FL AR MO MS AL NE KS AK Top Geothermal Producing States (Ranked from Highest to Lowest) 1.) California 2.) Nevada 3.) Utah 4.) Hawaii 5.) Oregon 6.) Idaho 7.) New Mexico 18

There Are a Variety of Biomass Energy Sources, the Largest Being Wood and Alcohol Fuels U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: National Energy Education Development, “Biomass At a Glance,” Biomass SourceDescription Wood and agricultural products Wood material like logs, chips, bark and sawdust account for nearly 46% of biomass energy Agricultural waste can also be used to generate electricity Most of this type of energy is used for electricity generation for the actual producers of the material like sawmills and paper mills Solid waste Solid waste from trash collection is burned to generate electricity Landfill Gas and Biogas Landfills can generate methane, which is then burned to generate electricity Biogas digesters are airtight containers that takes waste and ferments it producing methane gas Alcohol Fuels (Ethanol and Biofuels) Ethanol is produced when plant sugars are fermented Ethanol is a combustible fuel that is now mixed in nearly all of U.S.’ gasoline Biofuels are created when alcohol is chemically reacted with various types of organic oils and fats like vegetable oils, animal fats, and grease Types of Biomass Energy 19

Biomass Remains a Large But Relatively Steady Renewable Energy Source May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Total Energy Production,” March 10, U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Biomass Energy Production in Trillion of British Thermal Units 20

Electricity Generation From Biomass Has Increased by About 15% in the Past Decade May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “Electric Power Monthly,” February U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY Net Generation of Electricity from Biomass Measured in Thousand Megawatt Hours 21

Top Three Biofuel Producers (Iowa, Nebraska and Illinois) Produce More than Half of U.S. Biofuel May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “State Profiles,” U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY States with the Most Biofuel Production as Measured in British Thermal Units OH WV VA PA NY ME NC SC GA TN KY IN MI WI MN IL LA TX OK ID NV OR WA CA AZ NM CO WY MT ND SD IA UT FL AR MO MS AL NE KS AK Top Biomass Producing States (Ranked from Highest to Lowest) 1.) Iowa 2.) Nebraska 3.) Illinois 4.) Minnesota 5.) South Dakota 6.) Indiana 7.) Wisconsin 8.) Ohio 9.) Kansas 10.) North Dakota 22

West Coast Contains the Three Top Renewable Energy Producers (Excluding Biofuel Production) May 4, 2016 | Ben Booker Sources: EIA, “State Profiles,” U.S. RENEWABLE ENERGY States Who Produce the Most Renewable Energy Excluding Biofuels OH WV VA PA NY ME NC SC GA TN KY IN MI WI MN IL LA TX OK ID NV OR WA CA AZ NM CO WY MT ND SD IA UT FL AR MO MS AL NE KS AK Top Renewable Energy Producing States (Ranked from Highest to Lowest) 1.) Washington 2.) California 3.) Oregon 4.) Texas 5.) New York 6.) Florida 7.) Alabama 8.) Georgia 9.) Iowa 10.) Idaho 23

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