Hydropower – Turbines, Generators, Plant Systems Frank Ransley March 5, 2013

Trash Raking Manual Chain and Scraper Boom Type

H= head, ft Q= flow(cfs) γ= weight of water (62.4 lb/cu ft) e= plant efficiency (decimal)

Mahoning Creek Hydro Head = 100ft Q = 875 cfs e =.8 P= 5,932 kW or approximately 6 MW

Turbine Types Reaction Impulse Pelton FrancisPropeller/Kaplan

Cavitation When the localized pressure of the water in the turbine drops below the vapor pressure of water.

Generators Two Types SynchronousInduction

Synchronous generators rotate at speed fixed to grid frequency – ‘synchronous speed’ Induction generators rotate slightly faster than synchronous speed

Three Phase Power 3 sine waves 120° apart

Power Factor Current and voltage sine waves: When current lags voltage – lagging P.F. When current leads voltage – leading P.F. Induction loads have lagging P.F. Capacitive loads have leading P.F.

Small Hydro – generates 480 v Medium Hydro – generates 4160 v Large Hydro – generates 13,800 v

Transmission voltage is typically 13,800 v to 115,000 v Voltage is stepped up to reduce I 2 R losses

Governors Speed sensing Hydraulic Power Unit PID Control Error Signal Speed Droop

Synchronizing with the Grid Frequency/speed must match Phases must match

Reference Books 1)The Guide to Hydropower Mechanical Design – ASME Hydropower Tech Committee 2)Hydro Plant Electrical Systems – David M. Clemen 3)Pumping Station Design – Robert Sanks 4)Steel Penstocks – ASCE Manual 5)Steel Water Pipe: A guide for Design and Installation (M11) - AWWA M11 6)Steel Construction Manual – American Institute of Steel Costs 7)Cadillac Desert – Marc Reisner Online USACE – Publications EM Manuals

Safety Sayano – Shushenskaya Dam Hydro Plant August 2009

Before After

Spring HUG (hydro users group) meeting in WI Dells May 16, 2013 Midwesthug.org Students welcome!