Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 19. Define radioactivity. Complete half-life calculations. Complete and interpret nuclear reactions. Identify types of radioactive.

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Presentation transcript:

Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 19

Define radioactivity. Complete half-life calculations. Complete and interpret nuclear reactions. Identify types of radioactive decay. Explain how fusion and fission occur. Objectives

Chemical Reactions vs Nuclear Reactions

The mass must be conserved The atomic number must be conserved. Nuclear Reactions

Certain numbers of neutrons and protons are extra stable − n or p = 2, 8, 20, 50, 82 and 126 − Like extra stable numbers of electrons in noble gases (e - = 2, 10, 18, 36, 54 and 86) Nuclei with even numbers of both protons and neutrons are more stable than those with odd numbers of neutrons and protons All isotopes of the elements with atomic numbers higher than 83 are radioactive All isotopes of Tc and Pm are radioactive Nuclear Stability

Types of Nuclear Decay

Energy of Radioactivity

Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay Beta decay 14 C 14 N + 0  K 40 Ca + 0  n 1 p + 0  0 1 Decrease # of neutrons by 1 Increase # of protons by 1 Positron decay 11 C 11 B + 0  K 38 Ar + 0  p 1 n + 0  Increase # of neutrons by 1 Decrease # of protons by 1

Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay Electron capture decay Increase number of neutrons by 1 Decrease number of protons by 1 37 Ar + 0 e 37 Cl Fe + 0 e 55 Mn p + 0 e 1 n 1 0 Alpha decay Decrease number of neutrons by 2 Decrease number of protons by Po 4 He Pb Spontaneous fission 252 Cf In n

Complete the following nuclear reaction equations.

Alpha decay for Thorium-232 Plutonium-244 undergoes beta decay Radon-222 decays into Astatine-210 Francium-223 emits a gamma particle

What Are Your Questions?

The amount of time it takes for half a given amount of material to radioactively decay into something else. What is Half-Life?

Initial Amount After 1 Half-Life After 2 Half-Lives After 3 Half-Lives

Based solely on the following half-lives, which radioactive atom listed is the most radioactive? A.C-14 (5730 yrs) B.Ra-226 (1620 yrs) C.U-238 (4.5 million yrs) D.Po-214 (1.6 ms) E.P-32 (14 days)

Radioactive Dating Radiocarbon Dating 14 N + 1 n 14 C + 1 H C 14 N + 0  t ½ = 5730 years Uranium-238 Dating 238 U 206 Pb   t ½ = 4.51 x 10 9 years = t½t½ 0.693

A 4.5 gram sample of radon decomposes over 3 half lives. How much of the sample remains?

The half-life of C-14 is 5730 years. How long will it take for 50% of 25g of C-14 to decompose? How long will it take for 75% to decompose?

An artifact contains 12.5% of the original amount of C-14. How old is this sample? (C-14 half-life is 5730 years.)

The half-life of the beta particle emitter tritium, 3 H, is 12 years. How much of a 1.00 g sample of 3 H remains after 48 years?

What Are Your Questions?

Fusion and Fission

Nuclear Fusion Reactor

Medical Uses for Radioactive Isotopes

Use nuclear reactions to create an intense explosion. The Manhattan Project Project the ran from to develop atomic bombs. Nuclear Weapons

Three Mile Island (1979) Partial Meltdown in Pennsylvania Chernobyl (1986) Reactor 4 meltdown in Ukraine Time 3:06 Fukushima (2011) Three of six nuclear reactors melted down in Japan as a result of a tsunami Nuclear Disasters

What Are Your Questions?