The End of the War

The Atlantic Charter Churchill & Roosevelt –Theoretical basis for later peace January 1942 –Military alliance (USSR, USA, GB) Fight until the enemies surrender –Create a united-nations organization after the war

Tehran: Agreement on a 2 nd front 1943  1 st meeting of the big three –Important decisions War effort on western Europe Defeat Germany  Stalin fights Japan 1944  agreement made without US –Soviets left Poland to the Poles (FAIL!) –Wanted Balkans (Churchill wanted share)

What about Germany? –Disarmament –De-Nazification –Division into four zones –What about reparations? DIVIDED Eastern Europe? –What about Poland? –USSR didn’t want to NEW enemies –Churchill wanted democracy

Yalta Conference: February, 1945 y The Big THREE y FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs buffer y Churchill  Strong Germany y FDR  Weak Germany y FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence y FDR argues for a ‘United Nations’.

Mussolini & His Mistress, Claretta Petacci Are Hung in Milan, 1945

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945 The F ü hrer’s Bunker Cyanide & Pistols Mr. & Mrs. Hitler

V-E Day (May 8, 1945) General Keitel

V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

Potsdam Conference: July, 1945 yStalin only original. yThe United States has the A-bomb. yAllies agree Germany is to be divided into occupation zones yPoland moved around to suit the Soviets. P.M. Clement President Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin

V-J Day in Times Square, NYC

WW II Casualties: Europe Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

WW II Casualties: Asia Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

WW II Casualties Country Men in war Battle deaths Wounded Australia1,000,00026,976180,864 Austria800,000280,000350,117 Belgium625,0008,460 55,513 1 Brazil 2 40, ,222 Bulgaria339,7606,67121,878 Canada 1,086, , ,145 China 3 17,250,5211,324,5161,762,006 Czechoslovakia— 6, ,017 Denmark—4,339— Finland500,00079,04750,000 France—201,568400,000 Germany20,000,000 3,250, ,250,000 Greece—17,02447,290 Hungary—147,43589,313 India2,393,89132,12164,354 Italy3,100, , ,716 Japan9,700,0001,270,000140,000 Netherlands280,0006,5002,860 New Zealand 194,000 11, ,000 Norway75,0002,000— Poland—664,000530,000 Romania 650, ,000 6 — South Africa 410,0562,473— U.S.S.R.— 6,115, ,012,000 United Kingdom 5,896, , ,267 United States 16,112,566291,557670,846 Yugoslavia3,741,000305,000425,000 1.Civilians only. 2.Army and navy figures. 3.Figures cover period July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps. 4.Deaths from all causes. 5.Against Soviet Russia; 385,847 against Nazi Germany. 6.Against Soviet Russia; 169,822 against Nazi Germany. 7.National Defense Ctr., Canadian Forces Hq., Director of History.

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two Superpowers of the later 20 c

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of the Cold War

The Division of Germany:

The Creation of the U. N.

The Nuremberg War Trials: Crimes Against Humanity

Japanese War Crimes Trials General Hideki Tojo Bio-Chemical Experiments

The De-Colonization of European Empires