CPU and Motherboard

Why are they called Digital Computers? Code systems - Morris code ? Data and Program Representation

Digital Data Representation – Coding Systems Used to represent data and programs in a manner understood by the computer – Digital Computers Can only understand two states, off and on (0 and 1) – Digital Data Representation The process of representing data in digital form so it can be understood by a computer

Data and Program Representation ―Bit The smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize (a single 1 or 0) – Byte = 8 bits Byte terminology used to express the size of documents and other files, programs, etc. – Prefixes are often used to express larger quantities of bytes: kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), terabyte (TB), petabyte (PB), exabyte (EB), zettabyte (ZB), yottabyte (YB).

Coding Systems for Text- Based Data ―ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) Coding system traditionally used with personal computers –Open word Wingding –Open ASCII excel file Data and Program Representation

Quick Quiz 1. Another way to say “one million bytes” is a.one kilobyte b.one gigabyte c.one megabyte 2. True or False: MP3 files are stored using 0s and 1s. 3. The _____________ numbering system is used by computers to perform mathematical computations.

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8 The Motherboard Motherboard or system board: The main circuit board inside the system unit – All computer components must connect to the motherboard – External devices (monitors, keyboards, mice, printers) typically connect by plugging into a port exposed through the exterior of the system unit

The Motherboard Computer Chip – Very small pieces of silicon or other semi- conducting material onto which integrated circuits are embedded Circuit Board – A thin board containing computer chips and other electronic components Motherboard or System Board – The main circuit board inside the system unit – All devices must connect to the motherboard

11 The CPU Central processing unit (CPU): – Does the vast majority of processing for a computer – Also called a processor; called a microprocessor when talking about PCs Dual-core CPU: Contain the processing components (cores) of two separate processors on a single Chip Quad-core CPU: Contains 4 cores Often made by Intel or AMD

12 The CPU Price watch: Price watch.COMPrice watch.COM PassMark Software: CPUBenchMark.netCPUBenchMark.net Cnet: reviews.cnet.comreviews.cnet.com Tom ’ s hardware: Tomshardware.comTomshardware.com

Computer Performance What drives the current performance computer market? – A)Business Desktops – B)Media Center/Home Theater PC – C)Gaming PC – D)Business Workstations – E) Home and Internet PCs

ENIAC, 1946, The Beginning First general-purpose electronic computer ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 5 million hand-soldered joints. It weighed 27 tons Was roughly 8.5 by 3 by 80 feet (680 square feet) Consumed 150 kW of power. It could take three weeks to set up a program on ENIAC and get it working Could perform 5,000 additions per second

The incredible shrinking Transistor How far have we come since the first computer Moore’s Law - Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore predicted that the number of transistors on a CPU would double about every months CPUs today contain hundreds of millions of transistors More transistors means more processing power – Gives product developers the ability to predict future hardware capabilities and develop products for hardware that does not exist yet. The incredible shrinking Transistor: MB videoMB video

From Sand to Processor How CPUs are made? –Your CPU Came From SandYour CPU Came From Sand – Silicon wafer cut from Mono-crystal Silicon Ingot – Coating photo-sensitive materials – Etching – Ion Implantation and layering special materials – Electroplating to create connection wires –appliedmaterials.com, Philipsappliedmaterials.comPhilips

CPU – Motherboard and OS CPU architecture affects performance Motherboard must be designed to accept type of CPU Operating systems must take advantage of the CPU architecture to gain benefit

20 Processing Speed CPU clock speed: – Measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz) – Higher CPU clock speed = more instructions processed per second (within any given processor family) Instructions a CPU can process per second - megaflops, gigaflops, teraflops Other factors (CPU architecture, memory, bus speed, etc.) also affect the overall processing speed of a computer Benchmark tests

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23 The System Clock and the Machine Cycle System clock: Timing mechanism within the computer system that synchronizes the computer’s operations – Each signal is a cycle – Number of cycles per second = hertz (Hz) – During each CPU clock tick, one or more pieces of microcode are processed