TSDM-12 Congress Source: NWC Faculty edited by Dr. Coty Keller 6/7/20161NWC/TSDM

Global Elements U.S. Elements State / Local PolicyDecision/Action ComplexInteractions Congress Executive/ Interagency Joint Staff COCOMs DoD Media Others States Sovereignty Int’l Law / Norms Religion Ideology Culture Media Non-State Actors Others Authority/ResponsibilityMissionResources KnowledgeIndividualInstitutional Staff Environment LeaderBoss Staff Officer NGOs Nations Org.BehaviorCultureFilters Process Op. Factors Structure Public IGOs Law Society Culture Services Congress is important in all Military Decision-making 6/7/20162NWC/TSDM Dr. Coty Keller

Congress and the Constitution JMP Elements: AuthorityAuthority MissionMission Structure Process Article I: All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States…

Congress Shall…. Represent Legislating, Lawmaking Tax & Spend Declare War Raise & Support Armies Provide & Maintain a Navy Oversight and Investigations Propose Amendments to the U.S. Constitution Advise and Consent (Senate) Impeach and Remove Federal Officials Make Laws as Necessary & Proper… AuthorityAuthority MissionMission Structure Process 6/7/20164NWC/TSDM

House-Senate Makeup House 435 members Based on population 2-year terms 25 years old, 7 year citizen Salary: $165,200+ Formal More Partisan Senate 100 members 2 per state 6-year terms 30 years old, 9 year citizen Salary: $165,200+ Casual, “The Club” Less Partisan Authority Mission StructureStructure Process 6/7/20165NWC/TSDM

Congressional Leaders Senate Majority Leader President Pro Tempore Minority Leader House Speaker Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) Daniel Inouye (D-HI) Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) Eric Cantor (R-VA) Mitch McConnell (R- KY) John Boehner (R-OH) 6/7/20166NWC/TSDM

CONGRESSIONAL STAFF KnowledgeIndividualInstitutional Personal Staff Professional Staff 6/7/20167NWC/TSDM

How a Bill Becomes a Law Bill Is Introduced in The Senate Bill Is Introduced in The House Referred to House Committee Changes Voted on by Full Committee Referred to Senate Committee Referred to Subcommittee Referred to Subcommittee Changes Voted on by Full Committee Full Senate Debate and Vote Full House Debate and Vote Conference Committee House Approves Senate Approves If the President signs the bill, it becomes public law Rules Cmte Parliamentarian Speaker AuthorityAuthority Mission Structure ProcessProcess Products Process Op. Factors Structure

America’sLove HateRelationshipwithCongress ‘ % ‘ % 6/7/20169NWC/TSDM

CONGRESS AND THE MILITARY 6/7/201610NWC/TSDM

A rticle I, Section 7 – All Bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. Article I, Section 8 – The Congress shall have the power to... provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. Declare War To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money shall be for a longer Term than two Years To provide and maintain a Navy To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces Provide for calling forth the Militia to execute laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States or in any Department or Office thereof. The Constitution Gives Congress the Authority to Regulate the Military 6/7/201611NWC/TSDM

Clash of Organizational Cultures “Congress does not understand the military well and the converse is also true.” Admiral William Crowe 6/7/201612NWC/TSDM

Federal Budget Process & Products (No Military Programs are funded without Authorization & Appropriation Bills) Budget Committees House Budget Committee Senate Budget Committee Concurrent Budget Resolution Authorization Committees Senate Armed Services Committee House Armed Services Committee Defense Authorization Act Appropriations Committees Senate Appropriations Committee House Appropriations Committee Defense Appropriations Bill Conference Committees Resolve Differences Establish limits on broad spending categories for the Authorization / Appropriation Committees and monitors them to ensure caps are not exceeded Approve programs –allow them to exist– and detail policy and funding objectives. Does not commit funds but may set funding expectation Provide funds necessary for authorized defense spending programs Reconciles House & Senate bills AuthorityAuthority Mission Structure ProcessProcess

AuthorityAuthority Mission Structure ProcessProcess Source: CSBA /7/201614NWC/TSDM

Service HQ LL Staff Authorizing Cmtes + all other inquiries Appropriations Cmte-specific staffers Specified Command Unified Command CAG / personal staff CAG / special staff / personal staff Often only small staff and one part of larger portfolio, most active around hearing time for posture statements, etc. (spring) Handle all Congressional inquiries and requests – requires larger staff per Service) Asst Sec of Defense for Legislative Affairs (ASD-LA) Responsible directly to the SecDef Manages, controls, directs + monitors communications and activities Congress and elements of DoD, including OSD, JCS, Armed Services + Defense Agencies Legislative Liaison HierarchyKnowledgeIndividualInstitutional 6/7/201615NWC/TSDM

Chief of Legislative Affairs Rear Admiral Tom CopemanKnowledgeIndividualInstitutional The Chief of Legislative Affairs (CLA) is the Secretary of the Navy's principal staff assistant for discharging the legislative functions and responsibilities of the Department of the Navy (DoN), with the exception of liaison with the Appropriations Committees, which is, by law, vested with the Comptroller of the Navy. CLA directs the Office of Legislative Affairs and reports directly to the Secretary and to Chief of Naval Operations. 6/7/201616NWC/TSDM

Take Aways Congress directly impacts everything DoD does and procures or hopes to do or procure; How Congress operates distinct from the Executive Branch; Understanding how Congress functions and why it functions that way is essential to effective decision and policy support 6/7/2016NWC/TSDM17