MOBILE APPLICATIONS TO SECURE TENURE (MAST): DOCUMENTING LAND RIGHTS IN ZAMBIA; BURMA; VIETNAM USAID TENURE AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECT 4 May 2016 Matt Sommerville, Tetra Tech, Chief of Party

RURAL ZAMBIA THE VAST MAJORITY OF ZAMBIA’S RURAL LAND LACKS FORMAL DOCUMENTATION Chiefdoms maps are outdated and have not helped to resolve longstanding disputes. Villages are legal structures, but they lack formal boundaries. Households/families have no documentation of their long-term rights to land, multiplying vulnerability of many groups in society.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY 26% of farmers in Eastern Province indicate being involved in a land dispute in the past 3 years (inheritance and boundaries are most common) (USAID IE Baseline). 91% of farmers indicate an interest in accessing documentation to their land in part to protect their long-term interests and access credit and formal services (USAID IE Baseline). Land is a safety net for rural and urban stakeholders, alike.

COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT Chiefs are the custodians of customary land (60-94% of the country) with village headpersons, but neither Chiefs nor local communities have rights commercialize forest resources on their land. Individuals access secure rights to land by clearing forested land in the custodianship of chiefs, but until the forests are cleared, they are under government management responsibility.

WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT Wildlife belongs to the state, including the offspring of animals that you may have purchased, bred and fenced. Communities have no legal rights to commercialize sustainable use of wildlife resources in their vicinity. Chiefs, ZAWA, Forest Department, CRBs all have overlapping and unclear management responsibilities in GMAs.

COMMUNITY & HOUSEHOLD LAND RIGHTS The USAID Tenure and Global Climate Change project is working through the Chipata District Land Alliance to engage civil society, traditional authorities, government and communities to support low cost documentation and administration of community and household land rights, to enter a long-term dialogue on sustainable land management. TGCC is working with government and national CSOs to bring these lessons into the national policy framework and trial in other chiefdoms.

APPROACH AND RESULTS VILLAGE AND COMMUNAL BOUNDARY RESULTS: 134 village boundaries covering 43,379 ha 631 communal resources mapped with 29,220 ha HOUSEHOLD RESULTS: 6,305 parcels certified locally covering 16,484 ha (25% female & 23% of land; 92% joint landholders); 33,079 persons of interest registered Mean 2.8 ha; Median 1.99 ha (Large 28 ha, Small 0.03 ha) GOVERNANCE RESULTS: 226 disputes identified, 35% resolved Acted as the basis for numerous multi-stakeholder dialogues

PRINCIPLES LOW-COST SPATIALLY EXPLICIT GENERAL BOUNDARY PRINCIPLES PROVINCE CORRECTIONS PERIOD REGISTER HOUSEHOLD & COMMUNAL RIGHTS LOCALLY LEGITIMATE AND INCLUSIVE TRANSPARENT FLEXIBLE DOCUMENT EXISTING RIGHTS PAPER AND DIGITAL RECORDS LOCALLY ADMINISTERED CONSISTENT WITH GOVERNMENT STANDARDS

TOOLS PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL APPROACHES

OPEN SOURCE, LOW COSTS TECHNOLOGY COLLECTION: TABLET & BLUETOOTH GPS LARGE-SCALE PAPER MAPS OPEN DATA KIT / GEO ODK, CLOUD AGGREGATION OPEN OFFICE DATABASE POSTGRES DATABASE ADMINISTRATION UBUNTU SERVER QUANTUM GIS DHIS2 (DISTRICT HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM) HOWEVER, NOT ALWAYS EASY TO USE OR INTEGRATE DATA & REQUIRES COSTLY EXPERT CONSULTANTS TO SUPPORT MOBILE APPLICATIONS TO SECURE TENURE (MAST)

COMMUNICATE GOALS & OBJECTIVES OUTREACH AND COMMUNITY THEATRE

LOCAL GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS DOCUMENTING LAND AND RESOURCE USE AND ACCESS

DOCUMENT COMMUNITY RESOURCES WALKING COMMUNITY BOUNDARIES; EVIDENCE OF HISTORICAL BOUNDARIES & AERIAL IMAGERY

FIRST MAPS OVERLAY BOUNDARY POINTS, COMMON RESOURCES & NEIGHBORING COMMUNITIES; IDENTIFY CONFLICTS

REVISIONS AND VALIDATION COMMUNITY, GOVERNMENT AND TRADITIONAL AUTHORITIES VET MAPS AND JURISDICTIONS; REGISTER COMMUNITY RIGHTS

SYSTEMATIC HOUSEHOLD LAND REGISTRATION OUTREACH AND COMMUNITY THEATRE

PLANNING, DATA MANAGEMENT, RECRUITMENT & TRAINING 40 FIELD STAFF, 3 DATA TEAM, 4 MANAGEMENT, DAYS TRAINING

MAP & DATABASE PREPARATIONS BASEMAP DEVELOPMENT AT 1:1750

MAP & DATABASE PREPARATIONS VILLAGE-LEVEL BASEMAP PRINTING AND ORGANIZATION

FIELD DEMARCATION RECORD RIGHTS OF LAND HOLDER & WITNESSES ON PAPER MAP AND ON GPS DIGITALLY ISSUE UNIQUE PARCEL NUMBER AND RECEIPT

Chiefdom/Ward/Village/Mapsheet/ParceL Mkanda / Kasenga / Kakota / 4431 / 1 101/964/111/4431/1 INTERPRETING COMPLETED MAPS UNIQUE PARCEL NUMBERS DOTTED LINES REPRESENT GPS

INITIAL ADJUDICATION DOCUMENT LANDHOLDERS IN VILLAGE REGISTER RECORD PERSONS OF INTEREST ENTER IN DIGITAL FORM

DATA MANAGEMENT 3 GIS TECHS DIGITIZE, JOIN DATA, PRODUCE VILLAGE PARCEL MAPS & REGISTER

OBJECTIONS AND CORRECTIONS DAYS TO VET MAPS WITHIN COMMUNITIES CHANGES RECORDED IN DIGITAL REGISTER

CERTIFICATION TRADITIONAL LEADERS CERTIFY PARCELS AND DELIVER CERTIFICATES

LONG-TERM LAND ADMINISTRATION COMMUNITY LEADERS USE LONG-TERM MOBILE-BASED LAND ADMINISTRATION THROUGH A PARTNERSHIP WITH HEALTH AND WATER PROGRAMS

LESSONS LEARNED PERSONNEL AND TRAINING FIELD MAPPING EXPECTATIONS NUMBER OF VISITS TO EACH VILLAGE RELATIONSHIP TO POLICY DATA ADMINISTRATION AND CONNECTIVITY APPLICABILITY TO OTHER AREAS OF ZAMBIA / WORLD

NEXT STEPS EXPLORE COST AND TECHNICAL VIABILITY IN GAME MANAGEMENT AREA SUPPORT CHIPATA CSO & DISTRICT LAND OFFICE ON ADMINISTRATION TRAIN & TEST METHODS WITH GOVERNMENT & CSOs CONTINUE TO SUPPORT GOVERNMENT ON LAND & RESOURCE POLICY AND LEGISLATION

MAST BURMA FOCUSED ON COMMUNITY MAPPING DIFFERENT SOCIAL/LEGAL CONTEXT HIGH LEVELS OF DISTRUST BETWEEN COMMUNITIES AND AUTHORITIES ACTIVE LAND ALLOCATIONS ON COMMUNITY LAND NO LEGAL PROTECTION FOR COMMUNITIES

MAST BURMA IMPLEMENTATION IN 3 VILLAGE TRACTS SIMILAR PROCESS SIMPLER TOOLS: LOW COST, BUT NOT OPEN- SOURCE PILOTING DIFFERENT TOOLS, ASSISTANCE OF USAID GEOSPATIAL TEAM COMMUNITY POINTS OF INTEREST

MAST VIETNAM COMING SOON

CHIPATA DISTRICT LAND ALLIANCE TEAM MANAGEMENT, COMMUNITY FACILIATATORS, PARA-SURVEYORS MISSING: TERRA FIRMA PHOTO CREDITS: JEREMY GREEN, BRIAN O’DONNELL, CDLA, M. SOMMERVILLE 134 VILLAGE BOUNDARIES COVERING 43,379 ha 631COMMUNAL RESOURCES MAPPED 29,226 ha 6,305 PARCELS CERTIFIED LOCALLY COVERING 16,484 ha (25% FEMALE & 23% OF LAND) 33,079 PERSONS OF INTEREST REGISTERED 226 DISPUTES IDENTIFIED 35% RESOLVED NUMEROUS MULTI-STAKEHOLDER DIALOGUES