FIRST SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW

SCIENTIFIC PROCESS Vocabulary: data, experiment, control, hypothesis, Skills: how to make a line graph, how to read data off of a line graph

CHEMISTRY OF LIVING THINGS Vocabulary: chemical compound, Content: – protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom, electrons are on the outside of an atom – amino acids are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins – Water’s polarity allows it to dissolve many of the substances needed to keep living things alive – DNA is the molecules that provides the instructions or codes used to make proteins that guide the cell’s activities

CELLS Vocabulary: plant cells, animal cells, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, flagella, cilia, vacuole, chloroplast, nucleus

CELLS Content: – The 3 Parts of the Cell Theory are: 1) all living things are made from cells 2) all cells come from preexisting cells 3) cells are the basic unit of organization for all living things – Prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes) are very simple organisms. They do NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS or membrane-bound organelles. They do have ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane and could have a cell wall – Eukaryotic cells (eukaryotes) are more complex. They have a TRUE nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. Humans are eukaryotic organisms – Plant cells and animal cells both have mitochondria, plant cells only have chloroplasts and large, central vacuoles for storing water and carbohydrates

LIVING THINGS Vocabulary: homeostasis, Content: – the characteristics of living things are 1. all living things reproduce 2. all living things use energy 3. all living things respond to their environment 4. all living things grow and develop 5. all living things adapt to their environment 6. all living things are made of cells 7. all living things are have organization 8. all living things try to maintain stability (homeostasis) – living things are organizes (simplest to most complex): chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms – organs, like our kidneys, work to maintain homeostasis within complex organisms

CELLULAR TRANSPORT Vocabulary: selective (semi-) permeability, exocytosis, dynamic equilibrium, diffusion, osmosis, endocytosis, fluid mosaic model, hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic, active transport, passive transport Skills: how to determine the net movement of water depending on the concentration of solute in the solutions

CELLULAR TRANSPORT Content: – selective permeability and semi-permeability mean the same thing. This property allows the plasma membrane to control what crosses into and out of the cell – the fluid mosaic model describes how the phospholipids in the plasma membrane are arranged so that there are 2 layers of phospholipids with their polar heads facing the water (which is outside the cell on the top layer and inside the cell for the bottom layer) and the nonpolar tails are facing the middle of the plasma membrane away from the water (both sets of nonpolar tails face each other in the middle of the membrane)

CELLULAR TRANSPORT Content (continued): – phospholipids make up most of the plasma membrane but there are proteins and carbohydrates that can be found in the plasma membrane “floating” among the phospholipids – when molecules move “with the concentration gradient” or “down the concentration gradient” when being transported across a plasma membrane the cell does not need to use energy and it is called PASSIVE TRANSPORT – when molecules move “against the concentration gradient” or “up the concentration gradient” when being transported across a plasma membrane the cell DOES need to use energy and it is called ACTIVE TRANSPORT

CELLULAR TRANSPORT Content (continued): – “salt water” or “greater concentration” is meant to imply that that solution is hypertonic – ACTIVE TRANSPORT processes in the cell include endocytosis, exocytosis, and ion pumps – PASSIVE TRANSPORT processes in the cell include diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion – because the plasma membrane controls the substances going into and out of a cell, it is the main structure that maintains homeostasis within a cell

CELL CYCLE Vocabulary: cell cycle, interphase, Content: – checkpoint enzymes, called CDK’s, monitor a cell’s progress as it goes through the different stages of the cell cycle – when checkpoint enzymes are damaged by sunlight, radiation, smoking, the cell cycle can continue without control and cause cancer – diffusion is an insignificant method of cellular transport (it happens too slow) in large cells which is why cells need to be so small to survive

CELL CYCLE Content (continued): – the cell cycle starts with the G1 phase in which the cell grows larger, then the S phase where DNA is replicated, then the G2 phase where the cell grows larger again, then the M phase which stands for mitosis and the nucleus divides, and finally the C phase where the cell divides. Because the cell isn’t dividing during G1, S, and G2 phases it is called INTERPHASE, which is also the longest phase of the cell cycle. Uncontrolled mitosis can lead to cancer – when cells divide and become different (differentiation) types of cells they will always have the same DNA – DNA coils during mitosis so that the DNA can be divided evenly between tow cells

CELL ENERGETICS Vocabulary: chloroplast, chlorophyll, light- dependent reactions, light-independent reactions, mitochondria, glycolysis, kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation), ATP Content: – chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplasts and are the main light-capturing molecule for photosynthesis, meaning chlorophyll is the molecule responsible for capturing most sunlight energy for photosynthesis – the equation for photosynthesis is 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O →C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

CELLULAR ENERGETICS Content (continued): – ATP is the molecule used by cells for the cell to do work – eukaryotic cells get most of their ATP from the breakdown of glucose during the Electron Transport Chain (aka – oxidative phosphorylation)