Intro 1

Section 1-6 Agriculture Rice Cultivation Rice is the region’s chief crop and a major food source and export.  (pages 759–761) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Farmers grow rice on more than half of the region’s arable land.  Growing rice on terraced farms takes advantage of as much of the limited land as possible.

Section 1-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Agriculture (cont.) Flooded rivers and abundant rain provide a climate in which rice thrives.  Many farmers plant and harvest rice by hand. (pages 759–761)

Section 1-8 Agriculture (cont.) (pages 759–761) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Section 1-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Agriculture (cont.) (pages 759–761) -Yams, corn, bananas, and other food crops are popular in areas too dry for rice farming.  -Some Indonesians raise cassava, an edible root easier to grow than rice.  -Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia lead the world in natural rubber production.  -The Philippines is a major producer of coconuts and sugarcane.  -These cash crops are grown on large plantations. Other Crops 

Section 1-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Forest and Mines The forestry industry is vital to the economies of several Southeast Asian countries.  (page 761) Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand export hard woods from their forests.  Problems resulting from excessive logging and the deforestation present a challenge in the region.

Section 1-12 Forest and Mines (cont.) (page 761) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Section 1-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Mineral Wealth  Forest and Mines (cont.) (page 761) -Southeast Asia’s rich deposits of tin, iron, manganese, and tungsten are a major source of export income.  -Indonesia and Brunei produce oil, natural gas, and petroleum products.  -Indonesia is one of the top 10 producers in OPEC.

Section 1-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Papua’s Resources Indonesia’s Papua region is a source of timber, gold, natural gas, oil, and minerals.  The Indonesian government allows many international countries to exploit these resources.  Pro-independence groups claim, however, that the government has invested little in improving health, education, and public services. (pages 761) Forest and Mines (cont.)

Section 1-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Industry Industrial growth rates vary widely in Southeast Asia.  (pages 761–763) Although Laos and Cambodia are mainly agricultural, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are major industrializing countries.  Manufacturing industries include textiles, clothing, and automobiles.  Southeast Asia enjoyed an economic boom during the 1980s and early 1990s.

Section 1-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Industry (cont.) In the late 1990s, debt, political corruption, and financial mismanagement led to an economic crisis.  (pages 761–763) Since the crisis, some countries have had to balance industrial growth with investment in such traditional economic activities as agriculture and fish farming.

Section 1-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Industry (cont.) (pages 761–763) -Singapore has the region’s most developed economy.  -Its location and harbors make it a major port and manufacturing center.  -Singapore’s government has followed policies favoring economic growth.  -Singapore has invested in education so that industries will profit from having skilled and educated workers. Singapore and Malaysia 

Section 1-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Industry (cont.) (pages 761–763) -Malaysia, long known for its production of natural rubber and palm oil, has begun to diversify its exports with products such as electronics and electrical products, chemicals, cement, and processed foods.  -Malaysia has also developed heavy industry that produces steel and automobiles.  -The country is the world’s largest exporter of microchips.

Section 1-21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Industry (cont.) (pages 761–763) Less Industrialized Countries  -Indonesia is an exporter of raw materials and an importer of manufactured goods.  -Recent political instability and population increases have slowed Indonesia’s economic growth.  -Its labor force currently lacks the technical skills and knowledge required for industrialization.

Section 1-22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Industry (cont.) (pages 761–763) -Therefore, Indonesia depends on foreign aid and investment to develop its industry.  -The economies of Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Myanmar have grown slowly because of wars and geographic and political isolation.  -The lack of a trained work force, up-to-date equipment, and adequate transportation also have hindered economic development in these lands.

Section 1-23 Why can a country’s isolation from the world economy lead to poverty? Possible answer: Countries strengthen their economies by trading with one another. Countries that produce only what their own people need will not earn any outside income. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 761–763) Industry (cont.)

Section 1-24 Interdependence Southeast Asian countries are beginning to work together more closely for their common good. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) provides loans to member countries to develop their economies. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an economic and political alliance that promotes economic growth and cultural exchanges. (pages 763–764)

Section 1-27 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Southeast Asia’s landforms, islands, long coastlines, and many rivers make water transportation the most common way to move people and goods in the region.  (pages 764–765) Transportation As the crossroads of major ocean trade routes, Southeast Asia has major ports such as Jakarta and Palembang in Indonesia, the city of Singapore, and Manila in the Philippines.

Section 1-29 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Highway systems in Southeast Asia vary widely.  (pages 764–765) Transportation (cont.) Some countries can afford to improve their systems, but others cannot.  Generally, highways and railroads link only the major cities.

Section 1-31 (page 765) Communications Communications systems depend on a country’s level of industrialization.  In general, people in urbanized or developed areas have access to good communication systems, but people in rural or less developed areas have little access.  Internet and wireless communications have helped Southeast Asian economies. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Section 1-32 Communications (cont.) Governments in the region own radio and television stations.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 765) Most people own radios, but television sets are less common.

Section 2-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Section 2-6 Nature’s Might Much of Southeast Asia is part of the Ring of Fire and is subject to earthquakes and volcanic activity. Flash floods and typhoons occur periodically. Natural disasters and their effects are part of everyday life in many parts of Southeast Asia. (pages 766–768)

Section 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Volcanoes Volcanic eruptions are common throughout the region.  The Mayon Volcano in the Philippines erupted in 1993 and again in  Mount Pinatubo, also in the Philippines, erupted in 1991, killing about 800 people.  Gunung Agung, a towering volcano on the Indonesian island of Bali, last erupted in 1963, killing more than 1,500 people. Nature’s Might (cont.) (pages 766–768)

Section 2-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Floods and Typhoons  Nature’s Might (cont.) (pages 766–768) -Flash floods in Southeast Asia kill hundreds of people and devastate 10 million acres (4 million ha) of crops every year.  -Deforestation has made flooding more severe.  -The rivers of mainland Southeast Asia flood every year with the change of the seasons.

Section 2-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Nature’s Might (cont.) (pages 766–768) -Some sections of Bangkok, which is built on unstable land, sink more than 25 inches (64 cm) each year during the floods.  -Cyclones and typhoons often smash through Southeast Asia, causing serious damage.  -Thailand is beginning to build dams to prevent typhoon-related flooding.

Section 2-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Environmental Pollution Cities  (pages 768–769) -Economic growth in Southeast Asia stresses environmental resources.  -As industrial output increases, the standard of living has risen, but industrial pollution also has affected many areas.  -Growing populations and crowded urban conditions raise concerns about adequate housing, water supplies, sanitation, and traffic control.  -In Singapore, strictly enforced environmental laws keep the city extremely clean, making it an exception in Southeast Asia.

Section 2-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Environmental Pollution (cont.) (pages 768–769) -In some parts of Southeast Asia, pollution extends into the countryside, including national parks.  -Volcanic eruptions and forest fires cause pollution in rural areas, sometimes affecting cities as well. Rural Areas 

Section 2-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Logging, Farming, and Mining Deforestation Deforestation is a major concern throughout Southeast Asia.  (page 770) Commercial logging provides the timber that is a chief export in the region; it also leaves soil exposed to erosion.  Slash-and-burn agriculture and the clearing of land for large plantations have also damaged forests.

Section 2-17 Mining The mining of valuable minerals and metals has led to environmental abuses, such as the dumping of rock waste in rivers and forests. Logging, Farming, and Mining (cont.) (page 770)

Malaysia has a long history of preserving and managing its rain forests.  The country still has half of its rain forest cover.  Some countries in the region have begun planned migration or resettlement programs. Section 2-19 Environmental Protection Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Some Southeast Asian countries have limited certain timber exports and have begun reforestation programs.  (pages 770–771)

Section 2-21 The Laotian government has tried to resettle highlands people in fertile areas to avoid the problems of shifting farming. Indonesia is planning to move people from crowded islands to less-populated Papua.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 770–771) Scientists are discussing ways to combat the warming of Bangkok, including the establishment of green zones in the city and the banning of skyscrapers near the sea, allowing winds to blow farther into the city and provide more ventilation. Environmental Protection (cont.)