CHAPTER 15 INTEGUMENTARY, SKELETAL, AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS

SELF-INVENTORY HOW DO YOU RATE? I wash my face twice daily. I have a well-balanced eating style that includes an adequate source of vitamin A. I include many sources of calcium and phosphorus in the foods I eat. My physical activity includes lifting weights. I take frequent breaks when working at a computer to prevent injury from repeated movements. I wear proper equipment, including shoes, for the activities I participate in. I exercise three to fives times per week. I warm-up and stretch before beginning to exercise and cool down after exercising. I practice good posture in order to strengthen my back muscles. I participate in activities that increase balance and coordination.

15.1 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Organ system containing your skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. HEALTH TERMS Epidermis Dermis Melanin Athlete’s foot

FUNCTIONS OF SKIN Provides a protective covering for you body. Acts as the main barrier between your internal organs and the outside world. Shields them from injury, invasion by pathogens, and harmful UV rays. Regulates body temperature. Skin plays a role in keeping body temp. constant. When your body is hot, tiny blood vessels in the skin enlarge, permitting internal heat to escape. Sweat glands also become active, releasing perspiration, which cools the skin as it evaporates. As internal temps. drop, the blood vessels in the skin narrow, conserving body heat. Enabling you to sense the world around you. The skin is a major sense organ. Nerve endings in the skin are responsive to touch, pain, pressure, and temperature.

STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN Your skin has 2 main layers: Epidermis (outer, thinner layer of skin). As thick as 7 sheets of paper! Made up of both dead and living cells. Contain a fatty substance called lipids that makes the skin waterproof. Dead cells of the epidermis are shed when you rub against something or wash. As they are worn away, they are replaced by new cells. Through this process, the outer skin is replaced once a month. Some of the cells in the epidermis produce melanin (the pigment that gives skin, hair, and the iris of the eyes their coloring). Skin color of humans is largely determined by the amount of melanin in the skin. Dermis (inner, thicker layer of skin) Made up of connective tissue that gives the skin its elasticity, or spongy, flexible quality. Nerve ending, sweat glands and hair follicles extend into the dermis. Below the dermis is tissue called the hypodermis/subcutaneous. It is not part of your skin, but it attaches the skin to bone and muscle.

CARING FOR YOUR SKIN Practice good hygiene Wash your face with soap/face wash twice a day (morning/evening). Daily washing, bathing or showering slows the growth of bacteria that cause body odor. Eat balanced meals Vitamin A helps promote healthy skin (milk, egg yoks, live, green leafy vegetables and yellow fruits. Use sunblock/suncreen Moisturize regularly

THE CASE FOR DEODORANT A deodorant is a substance that removes or masks bad-smelling body odors. They may contain antiseptics to destroy bacteria, perfume to mask odors, and anti- perspirants (chemicals to reduce sweat production). When sweat remains on the skin, it creates a moist environment in which bacteria can thrive. The bacteria break down the chemicals in sweat, causing body odor (BO). Deodorants can help fight body odor, BUT should not be relied upon solely. For best results good personal hygiene should include daily bathing accompanied by use of deodorants/anit-perspirants.

PROBLEMS OF THE SKIN In 2013, U.S. consumers spent 2.1 billion dollars on skin care products.2.1 billion

ACNE Clogging of the pores of the skin. Caused by enlarge sebaceous glands and excess sebum, making skin oily and becomes trapped in pores, clogs it, and allows bacteria to multiply and area to become inflamed.

RINGWORM Common fungal infection that affects various parts of the body. It gets its name from the ring-shaped, scaly, reddened, or blistery patches it forms.

ATHLETE’S FOOT Same fungus that causes ringworm is also cause of athlete’s foot (fungal infection of the skin between the toes). It is associated with wearing shoes and sweating. It is highly contagious. That is why you should always wear foot coverings in locker rooms and showers.

BOILS An inflamed, pus-filled area of the skin, usually an infected hair follicle. Keeping the skin clean helps prevent boils. Never squeeze or burst a boil; this can spread the infection. Boils can be vary serious and, fi large, should be treated by a health care professional.

WARTS Contagious growths on the outer layer of the skin caused by viruses. Most warts are painless and harmless, but the virus that can cause them can spread to other parts of the body and form more warts.

MOLES Small, usually round, slightly thickened, brown or dark spots on the skin. They are usually harmless. However, if a mole suddenly appears, grows, bleeds, or changes color, consult a physician immediately. Change in a mole may indicate a serious problem and should be checked by a doctor.

PSORIASIS Skin disease in which thickened patches or inflamed red form, often covered by white, flaking scales. It should be treated by a physician. The cause is not known, but this can be a lifetime skin problem if not treated.

VITILIGO A disorder in which patches of skin lose their color. The affected areas of skin are extremely sensitive to sunlight and should be protected. Vitiligo is believed to be an auto-immune disorder that causes an absence of the skin cells to produce melanin. There is no cure, but in about 30 percent of cases the skin color returns naturally.

IMPETIGO Infection in which bacteria enters a small break in the skin. This infection is highly contagious.

BLISTERS Raised areas filled with a watery fluid. They usually result from the skin being rubbed or burned. A blister should be protected to keep it from breaking and left to heal on its own. A broken blister can become infected.

CALLUS Area of thick skin that forms as a result of regular or continued friction or pressure. Musicians who play stringed instruments often develop calluses on their fingertips. Calluses can be reduced by rubbing them with a porous stone called pumice.

CORN A corn is a callus on a toe caused by the pressure of a tight-fitting shoe. Spongy corn pads can relieve pressure that makes corns painful. Wearing shoes that fit properly is the many way to prevent corns.

HOMEWORK Define 15.1 health terms Answer pg