Focus 6/2 The study of global history can be broken down into categories: Economics, Politics/Government, Social, Ecology, and Geography. Economists, archeologists, geographers, historians, anthropologists, and ecologists all play a role in the study of global history. Global history is a complex dissection of how the world works and the past connections that got us here.

Mr. Score’s Regents Review

Regents Review Fields of Study -Economics -Anthropology -Geography -Sociology -Archeology

Regents Review Economists – study of goods and services – who gets what, when, and how in a society Traditional Economy – simple economy based on barter, agriculture, and customs Command Economy – Economy where the government makes decisions on what gets produced Free Market – Economy based on supply and demand where the consumers decide what gets produced

Regents Review Anthropology – study of human culture

Regents Review Geography – study of Earth’s physical features

Regents Review Sociology – study of society

Regents Review Archeology – study of civilizations through artifacts

Regents Review Archeologist Mary Leakey believes human life began in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa

Regents Review Paleolithic Era -Nomads -Simple tools and weapons -Buried dead with great care, showing they believed in an afterlife -Migration led to cultural diffusion, or the exchange of ideas and customs

Regents Review Neolithic Revolution -First major turning point in human history -Start of farming -Domestication of animals -Start of farming villages -Leads to a surplus of food -Eventually, civilizations form

Focus 6/5 The Neolithic Revolution brought on agriculture, domestication of animals, and the start of villages. Eventually, these villages became major civilizations. These civilizations centered around rivers. The first four river valleys were located by the Nile in Egypt, Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, Indus and Ganges in India, and the Huang He and Yangzi in China.

Regents Review Eight Features (Elements) of Civilization

Regents Review Early River Valley Civilizations

Regents Review Egypt – Nile River -Many Natural Barriers (ie Sahara Desert) -Built Pyramids as tombs -Polytheistic (believed in many gods) -Nile River flooded predictably

Regents Review Mesopotamia – Tigris and Euphrates Rivers -Fertile Crescent -Limited natural barriers lead to war, trade, and migration (cultural diffusion) -Early Sumerians developed into political units known as city-states -Babylonians – established first written law codes – Hammurabi’s Code

Regents Review India – Indus and Ganges Rivers -Known as a subcontinent -Peninsula -Surrounded by many natural barriers like Thar Desert and Himalaya Mountains -Two main cities Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro showed advanced urban planning -Khyber Pass often used as an invasion route between mountains -Monsoons or seasonal winds brought rain in the summer

Regents Review China – Huang He (Yellow River) and Yangzi Rivers -Isolated by mountains, deserts, jungles, and an ocean -Isolation causes China to be ethnocentric (belief that their culture is superior to everyone else) -Called themselves “Middle Kingdom” -Veneration of Ancestors -Mandate of Heaven/Dynastic Cycle

Regents Review Bantu Migrations of Africa -Bantu people migrate from West Africa in search of new lands for grazing and settlements -Slash and Burn farming -About one third of all Africans speak a language in the Bantu family

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