Chapter 4 Telecommunications and Networking © Matthias Pahl/Age Fotostock America, Inc.

Chapter Outline 4.1 What Is a Computer Network? 4.2 Network Fundamentals 4.3 The Internet and the World Wide Web 4.4 Network Applications

Learning Objectives 1.Compare and contrast the two major types of networks. 2.Describe the wireline communications media and transmission technologies. 3.Describe the most common methods for accessing the Internet. 4.Explain the impact that networks have had on business and everyday life for each of the six major categories of network applications.

Introduction Opening Case: Studio G Computers utilize telecommunications to exchange data in order to create value, regardless of locations and network sizes. Networked computers allow organizations to be more flexible, share resources, and connect dispersed employees and business partners.

4.1 What Is a Computer Network? Computer network A system that connects computers and other devices via communications media so that data and information can be transmitted among them Bandwidth Transmission capacity of a network Unit: bits per second (bps) Broadband Network transmission capacities Personal area networks (PANs) Local area networks (LANs) Metropolitan area networks (MANs) Wide area networks (WANs) The Internet

Figure 4.1 An Ethernet LAN Local area network: Connects two or more devices in a limited geographical region so that every device on the network can communicate with every other device. Network Interface Card (NIC)

Figure 4.2 An Enterprise Network

4.2 Network Fundamentals Analog vs. digital signals Communications media and channels Network protocols Types of network processing © Ilin Sergey/Age Fotostock America, Inc.

Analog versus Digital Signals Analog signal: Continuous waves Amplitude: Loudness Frequency: Pitch Digital signal: Discrete pulses On or off (1 or 0) Modem (Modulator Demodulator) Converts digital signals to analog and vice versa Types: Dial-up modem, cable modem, digital subscriber line (DSL) modem

Communications Media and Channels Transmission speed bps, hertz, bandwidth Cable Twisted wire LAN cabling: Cat5 (RJ45) Coaxial cable Fiber optics Broadcast Microwave Satellite Radio Infrared

TABLE 4.1 Wireline Pros & Cons

Network Protocols Protocol: Set of rules and procedures governing transmission across a network Ethernet: A common LAN protocol Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) A file transfer protocol that can send large files of information across sometimes unreliable networks with assurance that the data will arrive uncorrupted Uses packet switching technology Four layers model

Figure 4.7 The Four Layers of The TCP/IP

Figure 4.8 Packet Switching Data are divided into small, fixed bundles of data called packets. Different colored packets travel by different routes to reach their destination where they are reassembled into the complete message.

Types of Network Processing Distributed processing Divided processing works among two or more computers Client/server computing Server computers: Provide computing services Client computers: End users access client computers to use services Fat vs. thin clients Peer-to-peer processing Each computer acts as both server and client Access unused CPU power among networked computers: Real-time, person-to-person collaboration: Microsoft SharePointMicrosoft SharePoint Peer-to-peer file-sharing: BitTorrentBitTorrent

4.3 The Internet and the World Wide Web Internet Began in 1969 as DoD’s project ARPAnet Intranet Supports discovery, communication, and collaboration inside an organization Extranet Connects parts of the intranets of different organizations Both Internet and Extranet utilize Internet Protocols © Corbis/Age Fotostock America, Inc.

Accessing the Internet Connecting via an online service Internet service provider (ISP) A company that provides Internet connections for a fee ISPs connect to one another through network access points (NAPs) Connecting via other means (Table 4.2)

Figure 4.9 Internet (Backbone in White) © Mark Stay/iStockphoto

Addresses on the Internet Internet Protocol (IP) address A unique address for each computer on the Internet that distinguishes it from all other computers IPv4 The most widely used format (e.g., ) IPv6 Can accommodate more devices (e.g., smart phones) The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names (ICANN)ICANN Coordinates IP address assignments Domain name system (DNS) Easy-to-remember names for some IP addresses Top-level domain (TLD) names.com.edu.gov.org.de.it.ru

The Future of the Internet Internet2 Developed by U.S. universities collaborating with industry and government Not a separate physical network from the Internet Fast, always on, everywhere, natural, intelligent, easy, and trusted © Ilin Sergey/Age Fotostock America, Inc.

The World Wide Web (W3) Are Internet and WWW the same thing? The World Wide Web is a system of universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information via a client/server architecture. Users access a Web site through browsers by specifying a uniform resource locator (URL).

4.4 Network Applications Discovery Communication Collaboration E-learning and distance learning Virtual universities Telecommuting © Matthias Pahl/Age Fotostock America, Inc.

Discovery Allows users to browse and search data sources, in all topic areas, on the Web Search engines Search for specific information by key words and report the results Examples: Google, Yahoo!, Bing, Baidu Metasearch engines Search several engines at once and integrate the findings of the various search engines to answer queries posted by users Example: Dogpile.comDogpile.com Use an automatic translation of Web pages to discover materials in foreign languages Examples: Microsoft’s Bing translator, GoogleMicrosoft’s Bing translatorGoogle

Discovery Portals Web-based, personalized gateways to information and knowledge that provide relevant information from different systems and the Internet using advanced search and indexing techniques Commercial (public) portals: msn.commsn.com Affinity portals: techweb.comtechweb.com Corporate portals: HumanaHumana Industry-wide portals: Truck.netTruck.net Mobile portals: Yahoo! MobileYahoo! Mobile

Communication Electronic mail ( ) The largest-volume application running on the Internet Web-based call centers (customer care center) Services that provide effective personalized customer contact as an important part of Web-based customer support Electronic chat rooms Virtual meeting place where groups of regulars come to chat © Dinodia/Age Fotostock America, Inc.

Communication Voice communication (VoIP) Digitizes analog voice signals, sections them into packets, and sends them over the Internet Examples: Skype, VonageSkypeVonage Unified communication (UC) Integrates voice, voice mail, fax, chat, , IM, short message service, presence (location) services, and videoconferencing Example: Microsoft LyncMicrosoft Lync

Collaboration Efforts of two or more entities (individuals, teams, groups, or organizations) who work together to accomplish certain tasks Work group: Two or more individuals who act together to perform some task Virtual group (team): When group members are in different locations Software supporting collaboration Microsoft Sharepoint, IBM Lotus Quickr, Google Docs, JiveIBM Lotus QuickrGoogle DocsJive Crowdsourcing Outsourcing a task to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call Example: Yum!Yum! Teleconferencing: Conference call, video conference, telepresence, Cisco Magic telepresenceCisco Magic

Figure 4.15 Telepresence System Marketwire/Newscom

E-Learning and Distance Learning Virtual Universities E-learning Learning supported by the Web Distance learning (DL) Any learning situation in which teachers and students do not meet face-to-face What are benefits and drawbacks of E-learning and DL? Virtual universities Online universities Students take classes from off-site locations via the Internet Examples: U. of Phoenix, California Virtual CampusU. of PhoenixCalifornia Virtual Campus

Telecommuting Allows distributed workforce (or digital nomads) to work from anywhere and anytime What are advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting for employees? What are advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting for employers?

What’s in IT for ME? Accounting Use intranets and portals to consolidate data Use Internet to stay up to date Finance Use intranets, Internet, and portals to access data to support financial analysis Marketing Use intranet to coordinate sales force Use Internet for advertising, purchasing, and customer service

What’s in IT for ME? Production/Operations Management Use intranet and portals to monitor inventory and supervise productions Use extranet to collaborate with other firms Human Resources Management Use intranet and portals to communicate with employees MIS Keep all organizational networks up and running all the time

Closing Case 1: The Network Neutrality Wars The Problem The Solution Questions How do you feel about the net neutrality issue? Do you believe heavier bandwidth users should pay for more bandwidth? Do you believe wireless carriers should operate under different rules than wireline carriers? Please explain your answer. Evaluate your own bandwidth usage. (For example, do you upload and download large fi les, such as movies?) If network neutrality were to be eliminated, what would the impact be for you? Should businesses monitor network usage? Do you see a problem with employees using company-purchased bandwidth for personal use? Please explain your answer.

Closing Case 2: Marriott’s Corporate Portal The Problem The Solution The Results Questions Provide examples of the advantages BrandWorks brought to Marriott’s franchisees. Provide examples of how BrandWorks could be used for functional areas of Marriott other than marketing.