Do Now 8/14/14 1. Describe the relationship between the nucleus and the ribosomes. 2. What are the 3 phases of interphase? Describe what occurs during each phase. 3. What are the 4 stages of mitosis? Draw a picture to represent each stage. I will be coming around to check your notes.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cell Cycle, Cancer & Stem Cells

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Cell Cycle **Orderly set of steps between eukaryotic cell divisions Why do Cells Divide? Growth Reproduction (in single celled organisms) Repair

a. ________________ b. ________________ c. _________________ d. _________________ e. _________________ f. __________________ f.

Control of the Cell Cycle G1 Checkpoint - Check to see if DNA is damaged G2 Checkpoint - Check to see if DNA is replicated properly M Checkpoint - spindle assembly checkpoint, check for alignment of chromosomes Apoptosis - programmed cell death, if any of the checks fail

Mitosis & Cytokinesis Mitosis - The division of the nucleus that results in identical complete copies of chromosmes packaged into two new nuclei Cytokinesis - The division of the cytoplasm that results in two daughter cells

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase PMAT “Please make another twin”

Interphase: Resting Prophase: Chromosomes visible, spindle forms as centrioles move Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along equator Anaphase: Chromatids separate Telophase: Nuclear membrane forms on each side, cytokinesis begins

**In plant cells, cytokinesis begins when a new cell wall forms between the two new cells. **In animal cells, the two new cells pinch and pull apart

The Cell Cycle and Cancer neoplasm: abnormal growth of cells benign: non-cancerous malignant: cancerous Cancer: cellular growth disorder that results from the mutation of genes that regulate the cell cycle Cancer cells lack differentiation have abnormal nuclei form tumors undergo metastasis & angiogenesis

Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells The two daughter cells contain the exact same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell Daughter cells are DIPLOID

HeLa Cells A HeLa cell (also Hela or hela cell) is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who eventually died of her cancer on October 4, Article on Henrietta Lacks

1. Name the phases starting at the top.

1. Name the phase 2. Identify X 3. Identify Y

5. Name the phase

6. Name the phase

10. In humans, each cell (except sex cells) has how many chromosomes? ______ 11. After mitosis, how many daughter cells are produced? _______ 12. After mitosis (in a human cell), each daughter cell has how many chromosomes? _____ 13. How many phases are in MITOSIS? ___________ 14. Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest? _________ 15. During which phase does cytokinesis begin? _________ _

Introducing stem cells

A life story…

stem cell What is a stem cell? stem cell SELF-RENEWAL (copying) specialized cell e.g. muscle cell, nerve cell DIFFERENTIATION (specializing)

What is a stem cell? Identical stem cells Stem cell SELF-RENEWAL (copying) Stem cell Specialized cells DIFFERENTIATION (specializing)

1 stem cell Self renewal - maintains the stem cell pool 4 specialized cells Differentiation - replaces dead or damaged cells throughout your life Why self-renew AND differentiate? 1 stem cell

Where are stem cells found? embryonic stem cells blastocyst - a very early embryo tissue stem cells fetus, baby and throughout life

Types of stem cell: 1) Embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells: Where we find them embryonic stem cells taken from the inner cell mass culture in the lab to grow more cells fluid with nutrients

Embryonic stem (ES) cells: What they can do embryonic stem cells PLURIPOTENT all possible types of specialized cells differentiation

neurons grow under conditions B Embryonic stem (ES) cells: Challenges embryonic stem cells skin grow under conditions A blood grow under conditions C liver grow under conditions D ?

Types of stem cell: 2) Tissue stem cells

Tissue stem cells: Where we find them muscles skin surface of the eye brain breast intestines (gut) bone marrow testicles

Tissue stem cells: What they can do MULTIPOTENT blood stem cell found in bone marrow differentiation only specialized types of blood cell: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Types of stem cell: 3)Induced pluripotent (iPS) stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) adult cell ‘genetic reprogramming’ = add certain genes to the cell induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell behaves like an embryonic stem cell Advantage: no need for embryos! all possible types of specialized cells culture iPS cells in the lab differentiation

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) adult cell (skin) genetic reprogramming pluripotent stem cell (iPS) differentiation

Stem cell jargon Potency A measure of how many types of specialized cell a stem cell can make Pluripotent Can make all types of specialized cells in the body Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent Multipotent Can make multiple types of specialized cells, but not all types Tissue stem cells are multipotent

Stem Cell Experts You will be assigned a stem cell topic 5 minutes to read the article on your own 5 minutes to discuss the main points of the article 3 minutes each to present the main points to your group members

Stem Cell Articles research-ethical-dilemma types-stem-cells-and-their-current-uses embryos-sources-human-embryonic-stem-cells ethical-questions-after-discovery-ips-cells