B. Grobéty. Mineralogy and Cristallography Mineralogy: study of naturally occuring crystalline solids = minerals Cristallography: study of crystalline.

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Presentation transcript:

B. Grobéty

Mineralogy and Cristallography Mineralogy: study of naturally occuring crystalline solids = minerals Cristallography: study of crystalline solids Both deal with:- macroscopic geometry (morphology) of crystals - microscopic build up of crystals - chemical properties of crystal - physical properties of crystals Gem quality grossular garnet Polyhedral representation of the garnet structure Optical absorption spectrum of a grossular garnet

References The course will be presented mainly with help of powerpoint presentations, available under Moodle. Textbooks A. Putnis An Introduction to Mineral Sciences Cambridge University Press, 1992 ISBN: C. Klein Mineral Science John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2002 ISBN: Moodle adress:

Course organisation Teacher: Bernard Grobéty Office No Tel Schedule and location: Lecture: Monday Auditoire 2ème étage

Why is Mineralogy/Crystallography important? - Earth, interior planets: Vol% solid, consisting of minerals - Processes affecting the Earth’s surface and interior depend on the properties of the solid constituents elements used by mankind are extracted from minerals - The properties of minerals (and all other materials) depend, among others, on the microscopic build- up (= crystal structures) of the constituent phases. - Important technologies used by modern society is based on specific poperties of solids: - Information technology: optical properties of ruby, piezoelectric properties of quartz (laser telephone, electronic devices). - Computer: electrical properties of silicium and siliciumdioxide (= quartz) (processsors), magnetic properties of ferrites (memory) - Energy production: radioactive properties of uraniumoxide - Biology:structure and function of biological molecules (proteins, enzymes etc.) are obtained from “solidified” versions of these molecules

Content of part I (WS) 1.Introduction 2.Symmetry - Symmetry in daily life and art - Symmetry operations - Point groups 3. Crystal morphology - Morphology, habitus - Crystal axes - Miller indices - Forms - Zones 4. Stereographic Projection 5. Point groups - Monoclinic point groups - Tetragonal point groups - Cubic point groups 6.Ionic bonds - Atom models - Ionization - Ionic bonding 7.Paulings model - Coordination - Pauling rules - Halite, fluorite and perovskite structures 8. Periodic patterns - Translations, unit cell - Glide mirrors - Plane groups 9. Space groups - Glide mirrors - Screw axes - Space groups - Hermann-Maugin notation - Halite and andalusite structure 10.Energetics of minerals - Enthalpy - Entropy - Gibbs Free energy 11.Point defects and diffusion - Point defects - Diffusion - Solid solutions

12. Analytical methods - Diffraction techniques - Spectroscopic methods - Electronmicroscopy 13. Color of minerals - Color - Crystal field splitting - Color of ruby - Electron transfer 14. Radioactivity - Alpha decay - Spontaneous fission - Metamictization - Fission tracks - Decay law 15. Line and planar defects - Edge and screw dislocation - Line defects and deformation - Twinning - Stacking faults - Antiphase boundaries Content of part II (SS) 16. Polytypism and polysomatism - Phyllosilicate structures - Inosilicate structures - Mica polytypes - Biopyriboles 17. Mineral reactions - Displacive phase transitions - Reconstructive phase transitions - Order - disorder transitions - Exsolution - Heterogeneous reactions

Minerals are the "elementary" components of rocks igneous, polymineralic rock granite marblethin section: marble is made up of calcite crystals thin section: granite is made of different minerals metamorphic, monomineralic rock

Mineralogy/Crystallography: Related Fields Mineralogical/crystallographic information is needed in: PetrographyPetrologyExperimental PetrologySedimentpetrography GeologySedimentologyStratigraphy Paleontology Solid state chemistry, physicsSpectroscopyProtein crystallography Material science: Metallurgy, Ceramics Special fields in Mineralogy: Ore Mineralogy Biomineralogy Mineralsystematics Mineralphysics:Optical Mineralogy Mineral Spectroscopy High pressure and temperature (mineral) physics Technical (Applied) Mineralogy Refractory Materials

Stability Field (T, P, fO 2, pH 2 O, pCO 2, etc.) A Happy Stable Mineral! Chemical composition (what elements are present) Crystal structure (how they are arranged) Phase transformation! (change in structure and/or change in way elements are distributed in structure) Change in physical properties (e.g. change in elastic properties changes speed of seismic waves) Microstructure (records history of phase transformations - use to work out what conditions rock has experienced) Principles of mineral behaviour Physical and chemical properties: mechanincal, optical,electrical etc. behavior