Subsurface Drainage (Tile) Design Thomas F. Scherer NDSU Extension Agricultural Engineer (701)
Tile Drainage Design Workshops 2014 Sioux Falls, SD - January Wahpeton, ND – February Crookston, MN – March 5-6 Mankato, MN – March 17-18
Where is Subsurface Drainage Used? Around the foundations of buildings with basements. Under roads and highways: To control heaving due to frost or water pressure, intercept side- hill water, reduce frost boils, etc. In the “toe” of earthen dams to control seepage water. Many other locations where subsurface water is a problem. On agricultural fields with high water table and/or salinity problems.
How Water Flows into Tile Lines Runoff Rain Water Table Level in late July, August and September
How Water Flows into Tile Lines Water Table Runoff
How Water Flows into Tile Lines Water Table Runoff
How Water Flows into Tile Lines Water Table Runoff
How Water Flows into Tile Lines Water Table
Water Table – No Tile Water Table Runoff
Confining Layers Below Tile Lines Water Table
Confining Layers Below Tile Lines Water Table
Tiling Societal Requirements Visit the County Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) Office Wetland Maps and Locations Local Water Resource Board (changes to drainage law) Permit required if tiling 80 acres or more. If the tile project is of “statewide” significance, then need approval from the State Water Commission Talk to Neighboring Land Owners Fish and Wildlife Wetland Easements
Key Design Parameters A Successful Tile Project Starts with a Good Plan Field Characteristics Surface drainage Topography Soils Drainage Coefficient Drain Outlet Tile Grade Spacing between Tile Mains, Sub-Mains, Laterals
Field Characteristics Topographic Map At least 1-foot vertical contours but 6-inch would be best Soils Check county soil survey book or the NRCS web soil survey ( ) Take soil samples at the depth of drain tile (3 to 4 feet) to confirm soil survey info Soils with sand fraction, do a sieve analysis to determine if filter (sock) is needed
Topographic Map – 1 foot Contours ft.
Drainage Coefficient Design amount of water to remove from the land in a 24 hour period (Maximum Flow) Field Crops With Good Surface Drainage – ¼ to ½ inches High Value Crops (Vegetables, Potatoes, etc.) With Good Surface Drainage – ½ to ¾ inches ¼ inch per acre = 6,800 gallons (4.7 gpm) 3/8 inch per acre = 10,210 gallons (7 gpm) ½ inch per acre = 13,600 gallons (9.5 gpm)
Does removing 3/8 th of an inch from the soil make much difference? Drained depth in soil is the difference between the volumetric water content at saturation (all pore spaces are full) and the soil water tension at “air entry value” (approximately 0.05 bar tension) For a silty clay soil, about 7 to 8 inches For a silty loam soil, about 5 to 6 inches Remember: approximately 40% or the roots are in the top ¼ of the root zone
Gravity Flow Outlets
Need For Lift Pump No Gravity Outlet Shallow ditch, No permission to make ditch deeper Tile Mainline
Need For Lift Pump Outlet (ditch) fills up after a large rain and takes several days to subside (downstream control, small culvert, etc.) You want to have control of water leaving the field
Tile Spacing is Important
General Tile Spacing Recommendations (tile depth 3 to 4 feet) Tile Spacing in feet Soil TypePermeabilityDC = ¼”DC= 3/8”DC = ½” Clay LoamVery Low 6040 to 5035 Silty Clay LoamLow 7550 to 6045 Silt LoamModerately Low 9060 to 7060 LoamModerate to 8070 Sandy LoamModerately High to 12090
Drain Spacing Calculator
Tile Line Spacing with Depth 2 ft. 3 ft. 4 ft. 28 ft. 48 ft. 62 ft.
Tile Grade Run Rise Tile Grade = Run Tile Grade is usually expressed in percent grade For Example, 0.1 percent grade would be a 1 foot rise or drop in 1000 feet and a 0.5 percent grade would be a 5 foot rise or drop in 1000 feet
Tile Grade versus Full Carrying Capacity (gallons per minute) Slope (%) Tile Diameter (inches) % slope = 1 foot vertical drop in 1000 feet of tile
Tile Grade Can Change Along a Lateral Starting and Stopping too Often Can Cause: Grade Control is Very Important!
Tile Installation Patterns Targeted Drainage Pattern
Possible Layout
Another Layout Option
200 acres Tiled 45 acres
160 acres
2440 feet
Basic Design Procedure Topographical map of the field 1 foot vertical contours Field soil maps – may need soil samples in areas indicative of major soil series at depth of tile (3 to 4 feet) NRCS’s Websoil Survey (websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov) Google Earth – with soilweb.kmz If sand is present – have a soil sieve analysis done to determine sock/fine slot tile requirement Select Outlet or Outlets – select elevation of outlet Design the field layout (hardest part) Layout design in the field with colored flags or GPS instruments Install in order: Outlet (gravity or pump station), then Mains, Submains and finally Laterals.
Controlled Drainage Baffles removed before planting and harvest to allow the field to drain. The outlet is raised after planting to potentially store water for crops.
160 acres 2440 feet
160 acres
200 acres Tiled 45 acres
Thank you for your attention!
What is Subsurface Drainage? Slide courtesy of Dr. Gary Sand, University of Minnesota
Soil Water Holding Capacity Saturation Oven Dry Field Capacity Wilting Point Plant Available Water Drainable Water