1. William Northcott Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Michigan State University June 26 th, 2009

2. Irrigation Scheduling Process of maintaining an optimum water balance in the soil profile for crop growth and production Irrigation decisions are based on an accounting method on the water content in the soil

3. Irrigation Scheduling Components Plant Growth and Water Use Soil Water Holding Capacity Rainfall / Irrigation RECORDKEEPING

4. Plant Growth and Water Use Fundamentally crops use water to facilitate cell growth, maintain turgor pressure, and for cooling. Crop water use is driven by the evaporative demand of the atmosphere. Function of temperature, solar radiation, wind, relative humidity. Example, a fully developed corn crop in Michigan can use as high as 0.35 inches per day. (~9,500 gallons / acre) Optimum crop growth and health occurs when the soil moisture content is held between 50 – 80% of the “plant available water”

5. Estimating Plant Water Use Crop water use = Evapotranspiration (ET). A “potential reference ET (PET)” can be calculated based on weather conditions. The standard method – Penman – Monteith. Based on temperature, solar, humidity, wind, rainfall “Well watered grass” Michigan Agricultural Weather Network (MAWN) calculates hourly PET at each station. http://www.enviro-weather.msu.edu/

6. Estimating ET for Different Crops Combining a “Crop Coefficient Curve” with the reference ET. Crop Curve is a relationship between the specific plants’ growth characteristics and its water use relationship to the reference crop.

7. Crop Curve

8. http://www.agweather.geo.msu.edu/mawn/irrigation/

10. Soil Water Holding Capacity Soil act as a reservoir to hold water for plant use. The capacity for a soil to hold water is primarily based on the soils texture but can be modified by attributes such as soil organic matter.

11. Available Water Soil TextureRangeAverage in./in. Very coarse-textured sands and fine sands0.04-0.08 0.06 Coarse-textured loamy sands and loamy fine sands0.06-0.10 0.08 Moderately coarse-textured sandy loams and fine sandy loams0.10-0.15 0.13 Medium textured very fine sandy loams, loam and silt loams0.13-0.19 0.16 Moderately fine-textured sandy clay loams, clay loams, and silty clay loams0.15-0.21 0.18 Fine-textured sandy clays, silty clays, and clay0.13-0.21 0.17 Reference: USDA, NRCS, Engineering Field Manual Available water for each soil group by soil horizon from NRCS Soil Surveys

12. Optimum Moisture Range for Crop Growth

13. 80% 50%

14. Example A loamy fine sand with a water holding capacity of 0.08 in/in on a corn crop with a rooting depth of 36” has a storage capacity of 0.08 in/in * 36 in. = 2.88 inches of storage capacity in the profile.

15. Soil Water Balance Scheduling is very much a “checkbook” type method for accounting on a daily basis the following components Rainfall / Irrigation in (Rain gage / Pumping Records) Evapotranspiration out (Ref Et * Crop Coefficient) Storage in the soil reservoir (H 2 O capacity * Root Depth) Water holding capacity Increasing soil storage capacity with crop rooting depth

16. Rainfall measurement Measure in each field Should be read each day that a rain event occurs Record time reading is taken – should be consistent Keep Clean Install away from obstructions Basic gauges must not be allowed to freeze http://www.agweather.geo.msu.edu/mawn/

17. Rain Gauges Basic unit – 2 inch opening Cost less than $10.00 1-800-647-5368 http://www.forestry- suppliers.com/product _pages/view_catalog_p age.asp?id=5479 http://www.forestry- suppliers.com/product _pages/view_catalog_p age.asp?id=5479

19. Tools Available Scheduling Tools Checkbook registers Scheduling software Daily ET estimates Simple Estimates Complex Estimates

20. Checkbook Register

21. Weeks from Emergence 1234567891011121314151617 Max TempEto0.25 0.380.570.750.941.121.2 1.10.860.620.410.63 50 - 590.070.02 0.030.040.050.070.08 0.060.040.030.04 60 - 690.120.03 0.050.070.090.110.130.14 0.130.100.070.050.08 70 - 790.150.04 0.060.090.110.140.170.18 0.170.130.090.060.09 80 - 890.170.04 0.060.100.130.160.190.20 0.190.150.110.070.11 90 +0.210.05 0.080.120.160.200.240.25 0.230.180.130.090.13 Minnesota Data Michigan Data

26. Questions

27. Summary of Websites Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Method – University of Minnesota is an Extension http://www.msue.msu.edu/stjoseph Michiana Irrigation Scheduler www.agry.purdue.edu/irrigation/IrrDown.htm www.agry.purdue.edu/irrigation/IrrDown.htm MSU Excel Version of Scheduler http:// www.agweather.geo.msu.edu/mawn/irrigation/ Irrigation Scheduler V 4.0 http://www.agweather.geo.msu.edu/mawn/ http://www.agweather.geo.msu.edu/mawn/