4. Complex Knowledge: demonstrations of learning that go aboveand above and beyond what was explicitly taught. 3. Knowledge: meeting the learning goals and expectations. 2. Foundational knowledge: simpler procedures, isolated details, vocabulary. 1. Limited knowledge: know very little details but working toward a higher level.  understand the electromagnetic spectrum and how it is organized.  understand what different types of electromagnetic radiation can reveal about astronomical objects.  understand and describe important properties of electromagnetic radiation.  understand how technology is used to collect electromagnetic radiation and turn it into images.  understand what can be learned from analyzing the light from astronomical objects.  understand how different types of telescopes work  understand how lenses are used in telescopes.

For some of you: I still need to see your labs….  come show me

2/12/2016 BellWork  What are two things we can learn by using Spectrum Analysis or Spectroscopy?

4. Complex Knowledge: demonstrations of learning that go aboveand above and beyond what was explicitly taught. 3. Knowledge: meeting the learning goals and expectations. 2. Foundational knowledge: simpler procedures, isolated details, vocabulary. 1. Limited knowledge: know very little details but working toward a higher level.  understand the electromagnetic spectrum and how it is organized.  understand what different types of electromagnetic radiation can reveal about astronomical objects.  understand and describe important properties of electromagnetic radiation.  understand how technology is used to collect electromagnetic radiation and turn it into images.  understand what can be learned from analyzing the light from astronomical objects.  understand how different types of telescopes work  understand how lenses are used in telescopes.

Telescopes

Words to know:  Objective- larger mirror or lens that collects light  Aperture- diameter of the objective  Eyepiece- smaller lens, used as a magnifier  Focal length- measure (usually in mm) of the path light takes before its focused in the eyepiece

Telescopes  Telescopes have 2 purposes. 1. Collect more light than the eye can 2. To study objects with increased resolution (make them bigger) Of those two functions, the first one - gathering more light - is by far the most important. This comes as a surprise to many people, who think that magnification, or power is the linchpin of telescope functionality. The higher the power, the better, one would think. But this isn’t so  There are 2 kinds of telescopes  Refracting – lense  Reflecting – mirror  Telescopes have 2 main elements. 1. Mirror or lens that collects light – OBJECTIVE 2. Smaller lens system that magnifies – EYEPIECE

Calculations for Telescopes  Focal ratio (f-ratio) Focal length of objective aperture This is the ‘speed’ of a telescope’s optics, The smaller (faster) the f/number the lower the magnification the wider the field the brighter the image with any given eyepiece or camera. Fast f/4 to f/5 focal ratios are generally best for lower power wide field observing and deep space photography. Slow f/11 to f/15 focal ratios are usually better suited to higher power lunar, planetary, and binary star observing and high power photography.

Calculations for Telescopes  Magnification (make bigger) Focal length of telescope Focal length of the eyepiece More isn’t always better… Doubling the power gives you one-fourth the image brightness and reduces the sharpness by one half.

Refractor – bends light

Refracting (made famous by Galileo)

History  Refracting telescopes were first available in the early 1600s.  Hans Lippershey ( ) of Holland is often credited with the invention of the telescope. He was the first to make the new device widely known.  The telescope was introduced to astronomy in 1609 by Galileo, who became the first man to see sunspots, the four large moons of Jupiter, and the rings of Saturn.  Galileo's telescope was similar to a pair of opera glasses in that it used an arrangement of glass lenses to magnify objects. This arrangement provided limited magnification and a narrow field of view; Galileo could see no more than ¼ of the moon without repositioning.

Lenses - make observations Lens nameImage when held close to eye Image when held at arms length How does the shape of the lenses affect the light? How does the size of the lenses affect the light? Pick 2 to compare

Reflector– Collects light

Reflecting (made famous by Isaac Newton)

History  In 1704, Isaac Newton announced a new concept in telescope design where instead of glass lenses, a curved mirror was used to gather in light and reflect it back to a point of focus. This reflecting mirror acts like a light-collecting “bucket”.  The reflector telescope that Newton designed opened the door to magnifying objects millions of times-far beyond what could ever be obtained with a lens.

Telescope Project  Choose a telescope – different than the people in your group  Telescope Assignment.  5-name of telescope  5-location  5-who or what is it named for/what does the name mean?  5-date it was built, date it was launched, date it began making observations (all 3 if you can… will not apply to all)  5-type of radiation collected  20-process of turning radiation into an image or data  10-top 3 facts  10-picture of the telescope  20-2 images from the telescope, with captions  15-color, neatness, creativity

Famous Telescopes  Fermi  Compton*  Chandra*  VLA  VLT  Arecibo  Keck  Spitzer*  Hubble* NASA's series of Great Observatories satellites are four large, powerful space-based telescopes. Each of the Great Observatories has had a similar size and cost at program outset, and each has made a substantial contribution to astronomy. The four missions each examined a region of the electromagnetic spectrum to which it was particularly suited.

Hubble

Fermi  Centaurus A, one of the nearest galaxies to the Milky Way, is the brightest source of radio waves as seen from Earth. If humans could see these wavelengths, then the galaxy would occupy an area of the sky equal to 20 times the apparent size of the full Moon. Fermi found that this area is also emitting more Gamma Rays than ever expected.

Compton – Gamma Rays

Chandra – X-Rays

Spitzer

VLA 50 miles west of Socorro, New Mexico. The VLA has made key observations of black holes and protoplanetary disks around young stars, discovered magnetic filaments and traced complex gas motions at the Milky Way's center, probed the Universe's cosmological parameters, and provided new knowledge about the physical mechanisms that produce radio emission.

Aricebo  Puerto Rico. At 1000 feet across, it is the largest dish antenna in the world. The dish, built into a bowl in the landscape, focuses radio waves from the sky on the feed antenna suspended above it on cables. Since the dish itself can't move, the telescope is steered to point at different regions of the sky by moving the feed antenna (dome) along the curving metal track.

Keck  The Keck Observatory is a two- telescope astronomical observatory at an elevation of 13,600 ft near the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawai'i. The primary mirrors of each of the two telescopes are 10 meters in diameter, making them the second largest optical telescopes in the world. The telescopes can operate together to form a single astronomical images.

Hale Telescope  It was the largest aperture (200-inch) optical telescope in the world from its completion in 1948 until 1976.

VLT – Very large telescope In the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. The VLT consists of four individual telescopes, each with a primary mirror 8.2 m across, which are generally used separately but can be used together. The four separate optical telescopes are known as Antu, Kueyen, Melipal and Yepun, which are all words for astronomical objects in the Mapuche language. The VLT operates at visible and infrared wavelenths The VLT is the most productive ground-based facility for astronomy, with only the Hubble Space Telescope generating more scientific papers among facilities operating at visible wavelengths. Among the pioneering observations carried out using the VLT are the first direct image of an exoplanet, the tracking of individual stars moving around the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and observations of the afterglow of the furthest known gamma-ray burst.

 The Crab Nebula, first seen on Earth in the year  x- ray (Chandra), optical (Palomar), infrared (Keck), radio (VLA)

Telescope Project  Choose a telescope – different than the people in your group  Telescope Assignment.  5-name of telescope  5-location  5-who or what is it named for/what does the name mean?  5-date it was built, date it was launched, date it began making observations (all 3 if you can… will not apply to all)  5-type of radiation collected  20-process of turning radiation into an image or data  10-top 3 facts  10-picture of the telescope  20-2 images from the telescope, with captions  15-color, neatness, creativity