Bacteria and Archaea By: Jared Fearby and Israel Florentino

Outline How did life begin to diversify how are prokaryotes successful what are the different groups of prokaryotes how do prokaryotes affect their environment

How did life begin to diversify prokaryotes were the first organisms to show up on earth two lineages of prokaryotes diverged early in earth's life: Bacteria and Archaea the merging of these two prokaryotes is thought to be how eukaryotes first showed up on earth

how are multicellular eukaryotes similar to prokaryotes Some similarities between multicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes both conduct glycolysis DNA is used as the genetic material that encodes proteins both replicate DNA semiconservatively both have plasma membranes and ribosomes

the differences between multicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes some of the significant differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells prokaryotic cells lack a cytoskeleton and a nucleus The DNA in prokaryotic cells are not organized in a nucleus prokaryotes don't have any membrane enclosed organelles

Archaea v.s. Bacteria Archaea, and bacteria have evolved to become very different from each other some of the differences between them are bacteria has peptidoglycan in cell wall the membrane lipids in archaea are branched while it's not in bacteria bacteria has three common shapes: coccus(spheres),bacilli(rods) and helical Archaea has less known about its shapes but some have been known to be spheres, rods, triangular, and square shaped.

how are the prokaryotes successful prokaryotes are to most successful organism on earth in terms of numbers they reproduce commonly by binary fission prokaryotes tend to live in colonies even though each cell can be independent

prokaryotic cell walls unlike the cell walls of plants, algae and fungi bacteria contains peptidoglycan Archaeal cell walls differ from bacteria in that it contains a lot of protein one group of archaea had pseudopeptidoglycan which is similar to peptidoglycan two different types of bacteria walls, gram positive and gram negative many antibiotics like penicillin interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan

prokaryotes reproduction binary fission is the most common way prokaryotes reproduce genetic recombination can occur through transformation,conjugation and transduction but this is not directly related to reproduction some prokaryotes can reproduce once every 10 minutes while other will wait more than a century to divide

prokaryotes and their metabolism prokaryotes are very diverse in metabolic diversity obligate anaerobes are organisms that have an anaerobic metabolism obligate aerobes are the opposite of anaerobic and will die without oxygen facultative anaerobes can switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolisms photoautotrophs use light as an energy source chemolithotrophs oxidize inorganic substances to obtain their energy photoheterotrophs use light as their energy but obtain carbon atoms from organic compounds chemoheterotrophs obtain energy and carbon atoms from organic compounds

what are the different groups of bacteria spirochetes chlamydias cyanobacteria endospores staphylococci mycoplasmas the largest group of bacteria is proteobacteria five groups of proteobacteria alpha, beta gamma, delta, and epsilon

different groups of Archaea there are two principle groups of archaea, Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota two more groups were recently discovered, Korarchaeota and Nanoarchaeota most Crenarchaeota live in hot or acidic places Euryarchaeota are found in many different places. Some of these include the ocean floor, the digestive system, salty environments like the dead sea some can even live in water with a pH of 11.5 Korarchaeota are known only by DNA isolated directly from hot springs Nanoarchaeota lives by attaching itself to a type of Crenarchaeota called ignicoccus

How do prokaryotes affect their environment prokaryotes are important in element cycling prokaryotes are decomposers prokaryotes live on and in other organisms very few bacteria are actually pathogens bacteria that helps you are called probiotics

References /the-diversity-of-life / Sadava, David E. Life. the Science of Biology. New York: W.H. Freeman, Print.