The Retina and Fovea Rods and Cones Light & Dark Adaptation Blind Spot, Blood Vessels The Fovea and Acuity
Gregory, 1997, p.43. Optic Nerve
Central Retina
Blood Vessels
Stabilized Retinal Image An image whose retinal position remains constant regardless of eye movements. Quickly fades. Usually prevented by tremor, microsaccades. Shows that constant change is needed for vision.
The Blind Spot
Portion of the retina through which the optic nerve and blood vessels pass and an area without photoreceptors. Point in different directions in the two eyes. Not obvious due to the cortex “filling in”.
Williamson, 1983, p.185. Light Levels
Adaptation Ignoring constant (stabilized) stimuli Filling in holes in image Lighting Intensity Discounted –Sunlight : moonlight ~million:1 –Need only ~100:1 for reflectances –Two sensor systems (rods, cones) –Dark Adaptation
Neurons in the retina Photoreceptors –Rods –Cones Bipolar Cells Ganglion Cells (output to brain) Also Horizontal and Amacrine Cells
Retina
Goldstein, 1989, Plate 2.1
Rods Cones Goldstein, 1989, p.75. Photoreceptors
The Fovea
Photoreceptor Distribution
Section Through the Fovea
Retinal Circuitry
Photoreceptors Rods “Blue” Cones “Yellow” Cones –“Green” –“Red”
Brightness Ranges in Vision Photopic: (Cone) –High light levels (daylight) –Cones –High acuity –Fast Scotopic: (Rods) –Low light level (night vision) –Rods –Low acuity –Slow Mesopic: –Twilight –Rods and cones
Dark Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation Test
Adaptation and After Effects Adaptation is a decrease in sensitivity during the adapting stimulation. An after-effect is a change in viewing other stimuli after the adapting stimulation ends.
Adaptation
Adaptation Test
Moiré Patterns produced by interactions between two repetitive patterns. Movement in some art may be due to after- effects interacting with the current view.
Photoreceptors and Light Photopigments absorb photons. –Rhodopsin, R,G,B cones all similar Starts chemical reaction Results in an electrical response. Dark adaptation changes the gain between absorption and electrical response.
Solso, 1994, p.11. Photopic (Cone) Sensitivity Perception of Brightness “Yellow” cones –Red + Green –Not “blue” Peak in yellow- green. Red and Violet very dark when no hue seen