2. The Retina WALT That the retina contains millions of light sensitive cells That there are two types of light sensitive cell How an action potential is generated

6. The retina The retina is a layer at the back of the eye which is sensitive to light It contains two types of light sensitive cells The rods The cones They connect to bipolar neurone which connect to ganglion cells. The fibres of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve

8. Microscopic structure of the retina

11. Structure of a single rod cell False colour scanning EM of cone and rod cells

12. Each rod possesses up to a thousand vesicles in its outer segment containing rhodopsin. Rhodopsin is made up of the protein opsin and retinal (a derivative of vitamin A). Retinal normally exists in its cis isomer form, but light causes it be become converted to its trans isomer form. This change initiates reactions which lead to the splitting of rhodopsin into opsin and retinal - bleaching. Rhodopsin

13. Action Potential Generation The free opsin acts as an enzyme which sets of a series of reactions that leads to the hyperpolarisiation of the rod cell membrane It becomes MORE NEGATIVE This generates an action potential is the connecting neurone cells

15. Light and Dark Adaptation Rhodopsin is very sensitive to light In bright light it is broken down faster than it can be resynthesised It is “bleached” for most of the time We are light adapted If we go into a dark room we can’t see much until the rhodopsin is resynthesised and we become dark adapted.

16. Convergence Several rod cells connect with a single bipolar neurone. This increases the ability of the brain to detect a small amount of light This is called convergence and it allow for weak stimuli to be amplified giving rods a greater sensitivity

18. Rods and Cones Rods out number cones There are about 120 million rod cells There are about 6 million cone cells

19. a> Distribution of Rods and Cones

20. Cones Each cone is connected to its own bipolar cell This means that the eye is able to distinguish between two or more separate stimuli This is called visual acuity – the amount of detail we see

21. Cones Vision in bright or moderate light is brought about by the functioning of the cone cells. Cone cells provide vision in colour as well as black and white They enable you to see in fine detail – visual acuity

22. Cones Cone cells contain a pigment called iodopsin and retinal There are three types of iodopsin but only one type is found in each cone cell –10% red cones –45% blue cones –45% green cones Each type of iodopsin absorbs most strongly in a particular part of the visual spectrum

23. Colour Vision - Colour vision is due to the presence of 3 kinds of cone cells detecting 3 kinds of primary colours (trichromatic theory): red, blue and green

24. The Trichromatic Theory Red sensitive cones Green sensitive cones Blue Sensitive cones Colour perceived by brain √√√White √Red √√Orange √√Yellow √Green √Blue √√Magenta black

25. The Trichromatic Theory Very few people cannot distinguish colours at all Most colour blind people have abnormal colour vision Some males have inherited their in ablilty to distinguish between reds and greens The genes for red and green iodopsin are found on the X chromosome

26. Absorption spectra for three kinds of cones in the retina

27. Test for colour blindness

28. Generation of action potential in Cone Cells A similar process occurs in cone cells except that the pigment is iodopsin. It is less sensitive to light and so a greater intensity is required to cause its breakdown and so initiate a nerve impulse.

29. Acuity Cone cells are found throughout the retina They are far more concentrated at a point called the fovea As each cone cell synapses with one bipolar cell this allow us to see in detail The fovea is the area of greatest visual acuity

30. The Blind Spot There is a point on the retina where there are no rods or cones This is the blind spot- it is where the optic nerve leaves the retina

31. Difference between rods and cones Rods Cones

32. Difference between rods and cones Rods Cones Outer segment is rod-shapedOuter segment is cone- shaped

33. Rods Cones Outer segment is rod-shapedOuter segment is cone-shaped More numerous than conesFew in number than rods Distributed more or less even over the retina More concentrated in & around yellow spot None found at the yellow spotMost numerous at yellow spot Give poor visual acuity because many rods share a single neuron to brain Give good visual acuity because each cone has its own neurone connected to the brain Sensitive to low light intensity; therefore for night vision Sensitive to high light intensity, therefore for day vision Not sensitive to colour visionSensitive for colour vision Contain rhodopsin in one formContain iodopsin in 3 forms