Introduction 1-1 1DT057 Distributed Information Systems Chapter 1 Introduction

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNET Introduction 1-2 Our goal: get context, overview, “feel” of networking more depth, detail later in course approach: descriptive use Internet as example Overview: what’s the Internet? what’s a protocol? network edge network core Internet/ISP structure protocol layers, service models

C HAPTER 1: ROADMAP 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Internet structure and ISPs 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1-3 Introduction

WHAT’S THE INTERNET? Introduction 1-4 millions of connected computing devices: hosts, end-systems PCs workstations, servers PDAs, mobile phones running network apps communication links routers local ISP company network regional ISP router workstation server mobile

WHAT’S THE INTERNET? Introduction 1-5 protocols control sending, receiving of msgs e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP Internet: “network of networks” loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet local ISP company network regional ISP router workstation server mobile

WHAT’S THE INTERNET: A SERVICE VIEW Introduction 1-6 Q: Why do we need a network ?

WHAT’S THE INTERNET: A SERVICE VIEW Introduction 1-7 communication infrastructure enables distributed applications: Web, , games, e- commerce, database., voting, file (MP3) sharing

W HAT ’ S A PROTOCOL : FORMAL DEF Introduction 1-8 human protocols: “what’s the time?” “I have a question” introductions … specific msgs sent … specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: machines rather than humans all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt

W HAT ’ S A PROTOCOL ? Introduction 1-9 a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi Got the time? 2:00 TCP connection req TCP connection response Get time

“C OOL ” INTERNET APPLIANCES Introduction 1-10 FordSync + Microsoft's Automotive ? Web-enabled toaster+weather forecaster WiFi Internet Picture Frame Internet Weather Info

C HAPTER 1: ROADMAP 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Internet structure and ISPs 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1-11 Introduction

A CLOSER LOOK AT NETWORK STRUCTURE: Introduction 1-12 network edge: applications and hosts network core: routers network of networks access networks, physical media: communication links

T HE NETWORK EDGE : Introduction 1-13 end systems (hosts): run application programs e.g. Web, at “edge of network” client/server model client host requests, receives service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; FTP client/server peer-peer model: minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Skype, BitTorrent, eMule

T HE NETWORK EDGE : Introduction 1-14 Q: Which is better ? client/server model client host requests, receives service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; FTP client/server peer-peer model: minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers e.g. Skype, BitTorrent, eMule

C HAPTER 1: ROADMAP 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Internet structure and ISPs 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1-15 Introduction

T HE N ETWORK C ORE Introduction 1-16 mesh of interconnected routers the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete “chunks”

NETWORK CORE: CIRCUIT SWITCHING Introduction 1-17 End-end resources reserved for “call” link bandwidth, switch capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required

NETWORK CORE: CIRCUIT SWITCHING Introduction 1-18 network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into “pieces” pieces allocated to calls resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing)  dividing link bandwidth into “pieces” m frequency division m time division

CIRCUIT SWITCHING: FDMA AND TDMA 1-19 Introduction FDMA frequency time TDMA frequency time 4 users Example:

N UMERICAL EXAMPLE How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit-switched network? All links are Mbps Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit Let’s work it out! 1-20 Introduction

NETWORK CORE: PACKET SWITCHING Introduction 1-21 each end-end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used as needed Bandwidth division into “pieces” Dedicated allocation Resource reservation

PACKET SWITCHING: STATISTICAL MULTIPLEXING Introduction 1-22 Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, shared on demand  statistical multiplexing. TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame. A B C 10 Mbs Ethernet 1.5 Mbs D E statistical multiplexing queue of packets waiting for output link

C HAPTER 1: ROADMAP 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Internet structure and ISPs 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1-23 Introduction

INTERNET STRUCTURE: NETWORK OF NETWORKS Introduction 1-24 roughly hierarchical at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., UUNet, BBN/Genuity, Sprint, AT&T), national/international coverage treat each other as equals Tier 1 ISP Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately NAP Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public network access points (NAPs)

INTERNET STRUCTURE: NETWORK OF NETWORKS Introduction 1-25 “Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs Tier 1 ISP NAP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet  tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP

INTERNET STRUCTURE: NETWORK OF NETWORKS Introduction 1-26 “Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems) Tier 1 ISP NAP Tier-2 ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP Tier 3 ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP Local and tier- 3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet

INTERNET STRUCTURE: NETWORK OF NETWORKS Introduction 1-27 a packet passes through many networks! Tier 1 ISP NAP Tier-2 ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP Tier 3 ISP local ISP local ISP local ISP

C HAPTER 1: ROADMAP 1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Internet structure and ISPs 1.5 Protocol layers, service models 1-28 Introduction

I NTERNET PROTOCOL STACK Introduction 1-29 application: supporting network applications FTP, SMTP, STTP transport: host-host data transfer TCP, UDP network: routing of datagrams from source to destination IP, routing protocols link: data transfer between neighboring network elements PPP, Ethernet physical: bits “on the wire” application transport network link physical

LAYERING: LOGICAL COMMUNICATION Introduction 1-30 Each layer: distributed “entities” implement layer functions at each node entities perform actions, exchange messages with peers application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical

LAYERING: PHYSICAL COMMUNICATION Introduction 1-31 application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical data

PROTOCOL LAYERING AND DATA Each layer takes data from above adds header information to create new data unit passes new data unit to layer below 1-32 Introduction application transport network link physical application transport network link physical source destination M M M M H t H t H n H t H n H l M M M M H t H t H n H t H n H l message segment datagram frame

E NCAPSULATION 1-33 Introduction source application transport network link physical HtHt HnHn M segment HtHt datagram destination application transport network link physical HtHt HnHn HlHl M HtHt HnHn M HtHt M M network link physical link physical HtHt HnHn HlHl M HtHt HnHn M HtHt HnHn M HtHt HnHn HlHl M router switch message M HtHt M HnHn frame

ISO 7- LAYER REFERENCE MODEL Introduction 1-34 application presentation session application transport network link physical

I NTRODUCTION : S UMMARY Introduction 1-35 Internet overview what’s a protocol? network edge, core, access network packet-switching versus circuit-switching Internet/ISP structure Internet protocol stack You now have a “big picture”: context, overview, “feel” of networking

PRACTICES Log into a Unix machine (or Windows) Read the manual of ping and traceroute, and try them on a machine 1. % /bin/ping 2. % /usr/sbin/traceroute Look at the web sites of the routers you see through traceroute 1-36 Introduction